2023 The Year In Pictures

This Christmas marks the 10th edition of my astrophotography calendar, consisting of my better images from the previous 12-months, which I produce for myself and members of the family.  Wow doesn’t time fly? Based on these images, I also compile a video of the images set to music, which we all watch together before seeing the actual calendar.  It’s become something of an occasion and is a great way to present the images, which look wonderful on today’s smart TV’s and is fun to watch and share with the family.

THE CALENDAR

Much longer imaging times (total of more than 145 hours), re-imaging old favourites in new ways and unusual, overlooked, or difficult objects, resulted in a very good 2023 astrophotography year and perhaps the best calendar yet?  The calendar for 2024 on YouTube can be viewed by clicking HERE and below is a brief overview of each image.  More detailed background information and imaging details for those interested can be found in relevant blogs I posted on this website.  The background music is the track Appleshine from Underworld’s album Drift.

 COVERSH2-284: Close-up of April’s image – along the inside of the ring structure are many dark dust pillars and globules, which on the right seem to resemble a hand with a bony finger pointing inwards!  
JANUARYNGC 1333: Nestled within the western area of the Perseus Molecular Cloud, some 1,100 light-years from Earth is the colourful NGC 1333 reflection nebula, one of the closest and most active star-forming regions of the night-sky.  
FEBRUARY  Spaghetti Nebula: Straddling the boundary of Taurus and Auriga constellations, is the giant supernova remnant (SNR) Simeis-147.  The stellar explosion occurred 40,000 years ago, leaving a rapidly spinning neutron star or pulsar at the core of the now complex and the expanding SNR.  
MARCHAurora Borealis: Situated just below the Arctic Circle, Iceland is well known both for its geology and views of the Aurora Borealis, which we saw in March on the south coast near Kirkjubaejarkklaustur.  
APRILSH2-284: A star-forming region of dust and gases, sculpted by radiation and interstellar winds emanating from a young (3 to 4 million years) star cluster located near the centre.       
MAYM3 Globular Cluster*: Consisting of 500,000 stars and over 11 billion years old, M3 is one of150 globular clusters that orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy.  
JUNEM27 Apple Core Nebula*: A planetary nebula, consisting of a glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from a red giant star in its late stage of life to become a white dwarf. Complex hydrogen (red) and oxygen (blue) fans form around the outer regions, with a pulsar-like beam transecting the nebula.  
JULYMonkey Head Nebula: Located 6,400 light years from Earth in the Orion constellation, the ‘Monkey’ is a so-called emission nebula, where new stars are being created within at a rapid rate.  
AUGUSTSH2-115: This widefield image contains a richness of various emission nebulae, centred around the distinctive large blue SH2-115 region.  Just to the left of SH2-115 is the small but enigmatic SH2-116 a faint, blue disc thought to be a planetary nebula.    
SEPTEMBERLDN-768 Black Cat Nebula: Close to M27 in the constellation of Vulpecula (“Little Fox”), is a dense region of stars broken-up by dark nebulae to create intriguing shapes. Here strung out from left-to-right, several of the dark nebulae seem to coalesce (visually) to create the form of a black cat.
OCTOBERSH2-126 Great Lacerta Nebula: On the western edge of the Milky Way in the southern part of Lacerta, is the very large but faint emission nebula SH2-126.  The red filament structures stretch over 3 degrees, to the right is the Gecko Nebula, a molecular cloud associated with bright young stars.
NOVEMBERFlaming Star & Tadpoles Nebula: Two emission nebulae: dust & gas of the Flaming Star (below) combined with red ionized hydrogen gas produces a flame affect. Above, the stellar winds and radiation pressure from hot massive stars creates the Tadpoles ‘wriggling’ away from the centre.
DECEMBERM51 Whirlpool Galaxy*: As the smaller galaxy passes behind M51, joint gravitational forces are interacting, resulting in the misalignment of stars and unusually bright blue and pink areas across the Whirlpool galaxy. Their fates are inextricably linked and might eventually merge.
                 Footnote: All images taken from Redhill, Surrey or telescope at a dark sky site in
          New Mexico, USA shown by an asterisk*
HAPPY NEW YEAR + CLEAR SKIES FOR 2024

2021 The Year In Pictures

Every year since 2014 I’ve published a retrospective blog of my astrophotgraphy year just ending called Reflections. It’s been a useful task that enables me to bring together the best and sometimes the worst of my images, in order to consider the good and bad points + progress made + set some objectives for the coming year. Eight years on, after which I believe I’ve now reached at least a respectable level of imaging and processing, I’ve decided to stop this format for the time being.

Notwithstanding, at this time of the year I also produce an astrophotography calendar for members of my family, which consists of the better images from the year just ending; I think they like them and certainly all use the calendar during the coming year. Moreover, I also recently started to compile a video of the said calendar images set to appropriate music, which we all watch together prior to seeing the actual calendar. It’s a great way to present the images, which look really stunning on today’s large Smart TV’s and is fun to watch with the family too.

The video for this last year 2021 can be viewed on YouTube HERE and below is a brief very general overview of each image. More detailed background information and imaging details for those interested can be found in relevant blogs posted on this site during the past year.

2022 CALENDAR

A new set of filters, improved processing techniques and access to data from a telescope at a dark sky site in New Mexico, USA (shown by an asterisk *) contributed to an exciting astrophotography year in 2021.                  

FRONT COVERThe Carnival of Animals: Special processing of the inner region of the Rosette Nebula highlights the ‘animals’ or Bok Globules – clouds of dust undergoing gravitational collapse as part of the process of new star formation.  
JANUARYLDN-1250 Dark Nebula*: Dark or absorption nebulae are a type of interstellar cloud which are so dense they obscure or absorb visible light emitted from objects behind or within and thereby contrast with the general light flux of the Universe as dark areas.  
FEBRUARYCTB-1 Supernova Remnant*: The overall structure of this supernova remnant is that of a circular shell, with a conspicuous rupture towards the north (lower right of image).  The main red Ha-shell is composed of multiple interlocking filament limbs, with a blue / green OIII arc along one side.  
MARCHJellyfish Nebula: Locatedin the Gemini constellation some 5,000 light years from Earth, this is a remnant of a supernova that took place during the past 30,000 years. With a diameter of 70 light-years, the object is visually speaking nearly twice the size of a full moon.     
APRILMarkarian’s Chain: The Virgo cluster consists of more than 2,000 galaxies, within which Markarian’s Chain forms a J-curve string of bright galaxies that share a common motion through space.    
MAYM13 Great Globular Cluster of Hercules*: Consisting of several hundred thousand stars and 145 light-years in diameter, M13 is considered to be the finest cluster in the Northern Hemisphere.  
JUNECave Nebula*: Located along the plane of the Milky Way is the diffuse emission nebula referred to as the Cave Nebula.  The Cave at the centre is critically located at the boundary of the Cepheus molecular cloud and the hot, young stars which ionize the surrounding gases to great effect.  
JULYOrion Widefield: Framed around the area of Orion’s Belt, the Horsehead Nebula and the Great Orion Nebula, look hard and the refection nebula M78 can also be seen in the lower left corner.    
AUGUSTElephant’s Trunk Nebula*: A very large emission nebula, the so-called Elephant’s Trunk Nebula is rightly viewed as one of astrophotography’s most iconic images. The ‘trunk’ itself dominates the centre of this image and is illuminated from behind by a bright star forming region.  
SEPTEMBERM31 Andromeda Galaxy: The full benefit of new filters, improved guiding, clear skies over 6-nights and extensive use of new processing techniques can be seen in my best image yet of Andromeda.      
OCTOBERButterfly Nebula: Situatedwithin the Orion Arm of the Milky Way is the Gamma Cygni nebula, a diffuse emission nebula surrounding the star Sadr.  Either side of the dark rift which divides the image from top to bottom are two large bright areas that together form the so-called Butterfly.  
NOVEMBERM33 Triangulum Galaxy: Like it’s neighbour Andromeda, better data and processing has produced an exciting new image of M33 this year, the red areas highlight Ha-rich star-forming regions  
DECEMBERFlying Bat & Giant Squid Nebula*: This very faint OIII emission nebula Ou4 required an imaging time of 40-hours.  For obvious reasons Ou4 has become known as the Giant Squid Nebula which, moreover, lies within the much larger SH2-129 HII emission region or the Flying Bat Nebula.     

HAPPY NEW YEAR + CLEAR SKIES IN 2022

Photon Factory

About this time of the year as astronomical darkness is lost for a few months I tend to take it easy, astronomically speaking.  However, this year’s an exception as I have a large backlog of image processing to complete courtesy of the Photon Factory.  With continuously bad weather prevailing across Europe back in February, it was more than four months since I’d been able to undertake any astrophotography here at Fairvale Observatory – of course such problems go with the hobby but this was ridiculous and somewhat disheartening.  There were three solutions to the situation: continue waiting, give up all together or look further afield where the skies are reliably clear and dark, which like many others nowadays is what I did and thus joined the ever increasing band of remote imagers.

About 2-years ago I considered establishing equipment at one of the growing number of astrophotography host sites in southern Europe.  However, after some research I concluded that whilst such a facility would be great to have it was probably too expensive for now and moreover, I first needed to spend more time improving my processing techniques before embarking on such a plan.  Thus having since taken steps towards this goal, which included learning PixInsight, I felt the time was right to sign-up with Deep Sky West (DSW) situated in the state of New Mexico, USA.   DSW were one of the early remote hosting observatories established and have a good reputation, reasonable prices and a wide choice of quality equipment.  I therefore signed up for one year’s imaging with the following set-up:

  • Takahashi FSQ 106 FL 530mm f/5 + Moonlight Nightcrawler focuser
  • QSI1683-WSGA camera 5.4 nm pixels & Astrodon 5nm filters
  • Paramount MyT mount

Deep Sky West is located about 35-miles south east of Santa Fe, at an elevation of 7,400ft on the Glorietta Mesa (see above map).  Established by Lloyd Smith and Bruce Wright in 2015, there are now two large bespoke roll-off sheds (Alpha & Beta – see picture below) housing up to nearly forty rigs which are used by astrophotographers from across the world – you could call it a photon factory.  DSW has since established a premier reputation as an observatory producing high quality data.  Building on this success and the burgeoning demand for remote imaging, DSW are now expanding their service into Chile. 

xxx

After imaging the globular cluster M53 from Fairvale Observatory in early April, it was opportune to be able to continue the same theme with my first two DSW images taken during Q1 and Q2 – the globular clusters M13 and M92, both located in the constellation of Hercules.  With an angular separation of just 9o 33’, spatially the two clusters appear as neighbours but in reality M13 is some 4,560 thousand light-years closer.  Spanning some 145 light years in diameter, M13 consists of several hundred thousand stars and as the brightest globular cluster in our galaxy it is generally considered to be the finest in the Northern Hemisphere.  Whilst somewhat overshadowed by its more famous neighbour, M92 is still one of the brightest globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way and at +11 billion years is one of the oldest.    

Since moving to mono imaging in 2017 I’ve only used a CMOS camera and therefore this is my first experience of working with CCD data, hitherto considered as the best, though more recent development of CMOS sensors suggests this is now  likely to be the way forwards for amateur astrophotography.  Whilst most of the techniques are the same there are minor differences such as using bias frames instead of dark flats with my CMOS camera for calibration.

The DSW equipment combination produces a field-of-view nearly 50% less than my equipment at home but with a similar resolution, thus improving the magnification and image details of smaller and/or complex features such as globular clusters.  Notwithstanding, I was pleased with my previous image of M13 (above) taken from Fairvale Observatory in 2018, which after cropping compares well with the new DSW version (see main image at the top of the page).  This is my first image of M92 (below), which though OK probably needs more attention, as I’m not convinced the combination of the 600 secs + 300 secs + 60 secs data has worked to its full potential.

The Takahashi 106 is one of my dream scopes and with up to 250 clear nights a year historically, the DSW location in New Mexico provides an opportunity to work with top level equipment in outstanding night sky conditions – what’s not to like with remote imaging?  However, with a growing cadre of remote imagers this has become a something of a contentious issue amongst astrophotographers – there’s no doubt it produces excellent data which leads to outstanding images but as a hobby it’s still good to be hands-on.  So far I’m really enjoying working with the remote data produced under optimum conditions but strangely there’s much to be said for imaging in the backyard even with or perhaps because of the problems it involves.  Funny old world!

  

 IMAGING DETAILS
ObjectM13  The Great Globular Cluster in Hercules
ConstellationHercules
Distance22,180 light-years
Size 20.0 arc minutes
Apparent Magnitude+5.8  
  
Scope Takahashi FSQ 106  FL 530mm  f/5  +  Moonlight Nightcrawler focuser  
MountParamount MyT
GuidingYes
CameraQSI 683-WSG8 with KAF-8300 full frame CCD sensor and 5.4nm pixels  
 FOV 1.94o x 1.46o   Resolution 2.1”/pix.   Image array 3326 x 2,507 pix   
ProcessingDeep Sky Stacker,  PixInsight v1.8.8-7,  Photoshop CS3, Topaz Denoise
Image Location              Centre  –  RA 16:41:41.701      DEC +36:27:34.927                       
Exposures49 L  34R  36G  36 B  x 300 secs  @ -15C Total Integration Time: 12hr 55min     
Calibration48 x 900 secs Darks*   x47 Bias  &  x20 LRGB Flats *scaled to 300sec  
Location & DarknessDeep Sky West – amateur hosting facility near Rowe, New Mexico, USA     
SQM Typically >= 21.7
Date & TimeQ1  2021    
 IMAGING DETAILS
ObjectM92 Globular Cluster 
ConstellationHercules
Distance26,740 light-years
Size 14.00 arc minutes
Apparent Magnitude+6.3  
  
Scope Takahashi FSQ 106  FL 530mm  f/5  +  Moonlight Nightcrawler focuser  
MountParamount MyT
GuidingYes
CameraQSI 683-WSG8 with KAF-8300 full frame CCD sensor and 5.4nm pixels  
 FOV 1.94o x 1.46o   Resolution 2.1”/pix.   Image array 3326 x 2,507 pix   
ProcessingDeep Sky Stacker,  PixInsight v1.8.8-7,  Photoshop CS3, Topaz Denoise
Image Location            Centre  –  RA 17:17:07.165      DEC +43:08:10.267                       
Exposures20L  12R  12G  18B  x 600 secs  @ -15C  0L  23R  22G  23B  x 300 secs30L  30R  30G  23B  x 60 secs Total Integration Time: 17hr 53min     
Calibration48 x 900 secs Darks*   x47 Bias  &  x20 LRGB Flats *scaled to 600, 300 & 60 secs  
Location & DarknessDeep Sky West – amateur hosting facility near Rowe, New Mexico, USA    
SQM Typically >= 21.7
Date & TimeQ2  2021    

  

Two’s Company

For good reason spring is known as “galaxy season” by astronomers but during this period, shortly before astronomical darkness inevitably disappears for summer, there’s also another show in town.  Closer to home in the denser extremities of our galaxy, over 150 globular clusters have so far been identified orbiting above and below the plane of the Milky Way within the galactic halo.  Globular clusters consist of hundreds of thousands of tightly packed stars that are surely one of the more enigmatic features of astronomy, as we now know that similar clusters also are associated with other galaxies throughout the Universe.  Whilst the formation of globular clusters is poorly understood, we do know that at 10.0 to 13.5 billion years they are very old.  Given their age, location and density, it seems that globular clusters formed under very different circumstances to the more recent dispersed star clusters.

Image Setting / Location

 Sagittarius and Ophiuchus brim with globular clusters but at the higher latitude here at Fairvale Observatory it is necessary to view those around the regions of Canes Venatici, Virgo or Coma Berenices; the Great Cluster of M13 and others such as M92 and NGC 6229 located in the aforesaid Hercules constellation move into a better view later during early summer. Having previously imaged a number of these clusters in the past, this spring I looked around for something new and different, which I found in the name of M53 (Above + left of centre – main image top of the page) .  In this case it turned out to be two for the price of one, as with careful framing it was possible to include a second globular cluster, NGC 5053 (Below + right of centre – main image top of the page).

True Orientation (top = North) + 30% crop – Image Rotated 90 degrees clockwise

Located in the southern area of the Coma Berenices constellation, M53 (Above left of centre – main image, top of the page) is some 58,000 light years from Earth.  Containing some 500,000 metal-poor stars, the cluster equates to 13 arc minutes of sky or about 220 light years in diameter, with an estimated age of 12.67 billion years.  Just over 1o east of M53, NGC 5053 is 53,500 light-years away, with an apparent size of 10.5 arc minutes or 160 light-years.  Although classified as a globular cluster, NGC 5053 is more irregular and dispersed in nature without a distinct bright core and is therefore dimmer than its neighbour, making it more difficult to image.

M35 Full Crop

All-in-all I believe these two globular clusters, combined with the star studded background that just includes the binary Diadem star (Upper edge + right of middle – main image, top of the page) southwest of M53, altogether makes for a rich and interesting final image.

 IMAGING DETAILS
ObjectM53 & NGC 5053
ConstellationComa Berenices
DistanceApprox.. 58,000 & 53,000 light-years
Size  13.0 & 10.5 arc minutes
Apparent Magnitude+8.33 & +10.00    
  
Scope William Optics GT81 + Focal Reducer FL 382mm  f4.72
MountSW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
GuidingWilliam Optics 50mm guide scope
 + Starlight Xpress Lodestar X2 camera & PHD2 guiding
CameraZWO1600MM-Cool mono  CMOS sensor
 FOV 2.65o x 2.0o Resolution 2.05”/pix  Max. image size 4,656 x 3,520 pix   
EFWZWOx8 EFW & 31mm Chroma LRGB filters 
Capture & ProcessingAstro Photography Tool + PHD2 +  Deep Sky Stacker, PixInsight v1.8.8-7, Photoshop CS3, Topaz Denoise
Image Location &          OrientationCentre  RA 13:13:59.405      DEC +18:01:48.627                      Lower Left Corner = North   Top = South West    
Exposures55 x 180 sec L , 34 x 180 sec R,  30 x 180 sec G&B Total Integration Time: 7hr 27 min     
 @ 139 Gain   21  Offset @ -20oC    
Calibration10 x 60 sec Darks  15 x  LRGB Flats & Dark Flats         @ ADU 25,000
Location & DarknessFairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK        Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time13th, 15th & 16th April 2021  @ +21.00h  
WeatherApprox. <5oC   RH >55%                  🌙 6% waxing