Flip Flop

Another night, another lesson learned, the hard way.

A good, clear sky on Saturday meant the prospect of a long and productive imaging session before the frost came down. Whilst Orion has now moved to early evening, the light pollution from Gatwick airport to the south is bad at that time, so I’ll grab what I can but later is better when the light pollution starts to subside; from experience I presume they start to turn off the airport lights gradually from about 10pm, so that by midnight the sky is noticeably darker and much better for astronomy – though nothing like a true dark sky. I therefore look more to the south east at about 8pm to line up potential imaging targets for about one to two hours later when objects will be located at their best position, towards the Celestial Meridian and preferably high in the sky; such a location reduces the thickness of the atmosphere and improves tracking accuracy as the telescope’s angle with the object is less extreme. At the moment this means something in or around the constellation of Gemini and later at night Cancer; Canis Major, Pupis and Hydra also fit the bill except for one critical problem, they are too low in the sky and are mostly obscured by houses and trees, grrrrr!

Having imaged three, mostly easier objects earlier in the evening, at about 10pm I then turned my attention to something more challenging. Though large at some 100 light-years in diameter, the wonderfully named Jellyfish Nebula in the Gemini constellation (not far from the M35 open star cluster), with an apparent magnitude of +12 is quite faint and would be difficult to photograph. Notwithstanding, my first test image showed it was already in my field-of-view, though as anticipated faint, which I then set about adjusting to optimize its position within the frame before starting imaging. In this regard two bright, dominant stars flank the nebula – to the left or East, Tejat Posterior and to the right or West, Propus – thus assisting on screen identification and the approximate position of the nebula on the camera’s sensor.

At this time the nebula was very close to the aforementioned Celestial Meridian and it was clear that during a 1-hour imaging run would actually cross the Meridian, thus requiring a so called ‘Meridian Flip’. When setting-up the EQ-mount and telescope at the start, it is essential that they are aligned parallel with the Celestial Meridian in order that the mount and scope will then exactly track the movement of the night sky during subsequent viewing or imaging. However, due to the physical nature (internal gears) and resulting constraints of the mount and tripod, as tracking proceeds from east to west and eventually encounters the Celestial Meridian, it is necessary to carry out a Meridian Flip, manually or automatically. Such a flip requires that the mount and thus telescope and camera are swung from the west side of the tripod to the east, thereby ensuring that in continuing to track the object as it proceeds westwards they do not come into contact with the tripod.

Using the guide stars of Tejat Prosper and Propus to mark the East and West limits of the nebula and expecting the bulk of the other associated nebulosity to extend upwards, I positioned the stars towards the bottom of the frame. However, the nebula had by now crossed the Meridian and the telescope and camera was switched (flipped) to the other side of the mount before I completed framing. In-so-doing and, in my defence operating in the dark, I had overlooked that as a consequence of flipping across the Meridian, the camera had been inverted. Oblivious to this change of the camera’s attitude, I continued to frame the stars and thus hopefully placing the nebula towards the bottom of the image, when instead I should be moving them towards the top of the frame as the camera was now upside down. The result was that the final image unfortunately misses some of the associated nebulosity, though thankfully not the Jellyfish itself.

IC 443 The Jellyfish Nebula with Propus to the left and Tejat Prosper to the right after inverting the camera. As a result much of the considerable interstellar cloud illuminated by interaction with the nebula is outside the bottom of the image. WO GT81 + Canon 550D + FF | 20 x 180 secs @ ISO 1,600 + calibration | 24th January 2015

IC 443 The Jellyfish Nebula, with Propus to the left and Tejat Prosper to the right after a Meridian Flip inverted the camera before framing. As a result much of the interstellar cloud illuminated by interaction with the nebula is lost outside the bottom of the image.
WO GT81 + Canon 550D + FF | 20 x 180 secs @ ISO 1,600 + calibration | 24th January 2015

The Jellyfish Nebula is considered to be the remnant of a supernova that took place between 3,000 and 30,000 years ago and is now interacting with surrounding molecular clouds. Like similar supernovae such as M1 the Crab Nebula, the Jellyfish also harbours a neutron star within, indicating a collapsed stellar core. The main Jellyfish is some 100 light-years across and 5,000 light years away from Earth.

IC-443 Jellyfish Nebula, correctly orientated Propus is now to the right.

The denser, though still delicate nebulosity of the main ‘Jellyfish’ feature, is located immediately east of Prospus but most of the entire field between the two aforementioned stars and an equal area above is also occupied by extensive, though more faint nebulosity – it was this which was lost in my final image due to the framing error noted above. Even with the new modded camera and 180 second exposures at ISO 1,600, the sensor has struggled to capture all the light but I am fascinated and pleased nonetheless with the result. A better image of IC-443 AKA the Jellyfish Nebula will have to wait until I am able to undertake much longer exposures, which I hope to do one of these days soon. In the meantime, I will be more aware of the Meridian Flip and its associated problems.

Seeing Red

January 24, 2015 by grahamrob in Deep Sky Objects, Equipment, Imaging and tagged DSO Imaging, Orion, Photography | 2 Comments

It was towards the end of last year I realised what I was missing in my images. Hydrogen alpha (Ha) is a deep-red spectral line created by energised hydrogen gas, with a wavelength of 656.28nm, such light is a dominant feature of emission nebulae. However, terrestrial cameras are made with an infra-red (IR) filter placed over the sensor in order to achieve the red-green-blue colours that typify what the human eye see as life on Earth. Unfortunately by filtering out some of the red wavelengths this has a negative impact on DSO astroimaging, as it will block the aforementioned Ha light. The result is that imaging such Ha features with a DSLR camera, as I have been doing with a Canon 700D, can significantly reduce the colour and even detail – in some cases where Ha is the principal light source the camera sensor may almost completely fail to register the object at all.

I had been aware of this problem from the outset when I purchased the Canon 700D but decided to make-do in order to see, (a) how I got on, and (b) if I even liked astrophotography. Nearly one year on and maybe I made a mistake then but I also enjoy using the camera for terrestrial photography. Here’s the catch: to improve the camera’s sensitivity to Ha it is necessary to remove the IR filter, to become what is then known colloquially as a modded camera, however, in doing so the camera becomes useless for terrestrial photography. Removing the IR filter allows more red light wavelengths to reach the sensor and, as a result, terrestrial pictures then acquire an overall pink-red hue! There are some ways round this but, as always with implications – but it was now clear I needed a modded camera.

There are three basic ways to ‘restore’ a modded camera for terrestrial use:

Adjust the custom white balance – each time the white balance needs to be set manually, depending on the type of prevailing light and subject. It will work but, in my opinion, makes the process of day-to-day photography something of a chore and certainly reduces the scope for spontaneity, something I like when I am out-and-about photographing.

Restore the colour balance during post-processing – basically this requires adjusting each photograph individually using processing software, such as Photoshop, to remove excess red that is reaching the sensor without the IR filter.

Use an OWB (Original White Balance) filter – like the CLS light pollution filter I already use, this filter fits snuggly in front of the mirror / behind the camera lens (if fitted) and essentially acts like the original IR filter that has now been removed for astrophotography. Although quite expensive, this is by far the most convenient solution but there’s a problem: the back-focus section of the standard Canon EF-S lens I use is too long to accommodate the filter. An EF or other manufacture’s lens would overcome this problem (at further expense) and I was about to go down this route when serendipity paid a visit.

Not to be taken literally, but sometimes I would rather be lucky than smart. Whilst researching the aforementioned issues and seeking out other possible solutions, such as purchasing an already modded camera, I registered on the excellent Astronomy Shed forum and posted a question on how to deal with my problem. By the next morning, together with other advice on how to proceed, my attention was drawn to a Canon 550D for sale that had just been posted on the forum that very moment. Furthermore, the price was good and the seller would modify the camera for a small charge; it requires a degree of expertise to carry this out but, as a professional photographer with an interest in astronomy, the seller had undertaken this successfully many times before, though I obtained references to be sure. Therefore, after a few online exchanges, I became the new owner of a modified Canon 550d camera, together with some other bits and pieces – leads, intervalometer and a Canon battery grip.

Apart from the fact that this was a good camera, at a good price, it had one other very useful attraction – it is a close relation of my other camera, the Canon 700D (about three years older in development terms) and thus I immediately knew my way around and, furthermore, all my existing accessories would fit. Like I said, I had just got lucky – in more than one way. It’s early days but, with a clear sky last Friday and plenty to image at the moment, I just had to try it out and was not disappointed.

Rosette Nebula
WO GT81 + Canon 550d (modded) + FF | 15 x 120secs @ ISO1,600 + darks/bias/flats | 16th January 2015

The evening’s targets were Comet Lovejoy, The Rosette Nebula and the Great Orion Nebula, of which the latter two showed off the camera’s new capabilities best. The difference was there to see immediately with the images straight out the camera and stacked, with a noticeable increase of red colour present. The benefit after post processing is perhaps more subtle but, I suspect, will become more apparent when I move on to objects where Ha is more abundant, such as NGC 2264 AKA The Christmas Tree Cluster & Cone Nebula, which when imaged just before Christmas showed just what I was missing – a shortage of red light and thereby significant detail of these beguiling astronomical objects. Hopefully this issue will now become a thing of the past and in the future I will be literally seeing red, for all the right reasons.

M42 & NGC 1977 After DSS stacking only
WO GT81 + Canon 700D (unmodded) + FF | 15 x 120secs @ ISO800 darks/bias/flats

M42 + NGC 1977 After DSS stacking
WO GT81 + Canon 550D (modded) + FF | 5 x 120secs @ISO1,600 + darks

The above stacked, pre-post processing images are the same objects shot with unmodded (Canon 700D) and modded (Canon 550D) cameras, showing a marked increased in red light using the modded camera following the removal of the IR filter. Below, the same images after post-processing.

Final, post-processing image from unmodded camera

Final, post-processing image using modified camera

Lovejoy Part-2

January 18, 2015 by grahamrob in General Astronomy, Solar system, Viewing and tagged Comet, Solar system | 1 Comment

I first became acquainted with C/2014 Q2 Comet Lovejoy just before Christmas and have since been keen to obtain my own image of the object from Fairvale Observatory; at the time I was fortunate to obtain a photograph of the comet from a fellow astronomer in La Palma. Despite the comet reaching its best positon on January 7^th, some 44 million miles from Earth and with the apparent magnitude (brightness) improving throughout January to less than +4.0, unfortunately nature and life prohibited me from attempting this task: Christmas, New Year, travel, bad weather, full Moon etc. A couple of clear skies did present a good visual sighting through binoculars but no image.

Last week, on Thursday evening, I eventually got my first opportunity but due to very strong winds (hence the clear sky) was unable to even set-up the equipment. The following evening a cold but clear sky again occurred and this time I took my chance.

Photographing and processing a comet is not straightforward. Since my last post, Comet Lovejoy has tracked west (to the right) of the Orion constellation and at the time of imaging was located just above the western end of Taurus, before it passes west of Pleiades on 19^th January. The first problem is therefore obvious – it’s travelling very fast, about 82,000 mph. Fortunately Livecometdata.com provides real time information on the comet’s journey, which is both impressive (how does it do this?) and very useful. Inputting the real time RA and DEC location data into the SynScan handset, the mount slewed straight to the comet, which was just off-centre of the field of view. And thus I had my first, proper live view of a comet – fantastic! Now for the tricky part: how to get an image?

I had already posed this question on Stargazers Lounge and had a number of useful suggestions. Of course, whilst the mount tracks the celestial sphere, the comet is making its own way through the sky, which is not the same path as the stars seen from Earth; I believe it is possible to track the actual comet but that’s too difficult for me. Therefore, it is necessary to err towards lots of shorter exposures to avoid blurring; the longer the exposure the more likely it is the comet’s tail can also be captured in the image but it is a fine line between achieving this and blurring. In the end I took two sets of images at 20 seconds and 60 seconds – probably too cautious but I was happy with the result and will be better prepared for my next comet, whenever that is.

Then came the next obstacle – stacking and processing. I had not thought about this before but in the world of stacking, the software is unable to distinguish the comet from stars. As a result it is necessary to identify the comet in each light frame by manually tagging it; at this point I regretted taking x40 exposures! Deep Sky Stacker will then stack using one of three procedures which basically prioritises either the comet or the stars or a combination of both – I chose the latter. As usual post processing in Photoshop is then used to improve the final image.

C/2014 Q2 Comet Lovejoy WO GT81 + Canon 550D (modded) & FF | 40 x 20secs @ ISO1,600 + darks | 16th January 2014

C/2014 Q2 Comet Lovejoy
WO GT81 + Canon 550D (modded) & FF | 40 x 20secs @ ISO1,600 + darks | Fairvale Observatory 16th January 2015

Whilst I am very excited to have successfully photographed Comet Lovejoy, I was less than impressed by the stacked image and actually prefer the original. Processing comet images takes the dark art of processing to a new level and I feel I’ve only reached the learning foothills so far.

Lovejoy will be in the sky for some weeks to come as it tracks across Andromeda and Perseus during February and into Cassiopeia in March. Whilst the best may be almost past, I certainly hope to follow its progress and, subject to conditions, might even attempt to image it once again before it continues its 8,000 year orbit into deep space. However, for now I’ve got my comet and am well satisfied – I will spend the intervening winter days practicing my comet stacking.

Comet Lovejoy WO GT81 + Canon 550D & FF | 15 x 60 secs @ ISO1,600 + darks| 16th January 2015

Comet Lovejoy
WO GT81 + Canon 550D (modded) & FF | 15 x 60 secs @ ISO1,600 + darks| Fairvale Observatory 16th January 2015

The Eyes Have It

January 17, 2015 by grahamrob in Deep Sky Objects, Imaging and tagged DSO, Orion | 1 Comment

Before the cloud rolled in the other night and already successfully imaged the Rosette Nebula in Monoceros and M35 in Gemini, I decided to turn my attention once again towards Orion – it’s addictive! Having previously imaged M42 the Great Orion Nebula and other features of Orion’s Sword, the Flame and Horeshead Nebula, Orions belt and a basic widefield image of the constellation – alas without Barnard’s Loop and the Anglefish Nebula – it was time to tackle some of the more elusive objects.

This time the challenge was size – less than 6 arc-minutes overall and located nearby to Alnitak – the reflection nebula M78 would be difficult for my telescope. Whilst the mount was well aligned and I was confident the GoTo software would accurately point towards the chosen target, as is often the case, the original image was not promising. However, after stacking and some delicate post-processing, the nebula became apparent. Peering out of a hole in a misty patch of interstellar dust were two ‘eyes’ formed of 10^th magnitude stars, thus illuminating the nebula.

Section of sky located just above Alnitak – not promising but look closer.

At this magnification further detail is not possible but nonetheless, the image is intriguing. M78 (NGC 2068) is the brightest (+8.3 magnitude) portion of the dust cloud which also includes NGC 2071, NGC 2067 and NGC 2064, all (just) visible in the image. Together with the Flame Nebula, all these nebulae are associated with the LDN 1630 molecular cloud, part of the larger Orion complex. I’ll need something like a 10” or bigger scope to reveal better detail but at the end of an already successful night, the image was pleasing – I look forwards to looking into those eyes again one day.

M78 (top left) with NGC 2071 (lower right)
WO GT81 + Canon 700D + FF | 15 x 120 secs @ ISO1,600 | 30th December 2014

2 for 1

January 11, 2015 by grahamrob in AstroBin, Deep Sky Objects, Imaging and tagged DSO Imaging, Gemini, Star Clusters | 1 Comment

Whilst I know of Gemini I have limited knowledge about this constellation that, like Monoceros, starts to play a more prominent part in the night sky here after 10 pm at this time of the year. Located immediately above Monoceros and north east if Orion, Gemini is Latin for twins and its asterism appropriately forms two stickmen whose ‘heads’ are formed by the stars of Castor and Pollux, also suitably twin brothers from Greek mythology.

At the western extremity of Gemini, beyond Tejat Posterior (which means back foot), just above the ‘left foot’ of the upper stickman, lies the open cluster M35. Located at the heart of the Milky Way and 2,700 light-years from Earth, M35 is formed of some 2,700 young stars of between 100 and 200 million years old. On the same clear, cold evening I recently photographed the Rosette Nebula, I also produced an interesting image of M35 with good colours, including some yellow-orange stars.

Because of its short focal length, the relatively wide field-of-view of the William Optics GT81 can be both a good and sometimes a bad feature, depending on the size of the object being viewed. From experience so far, it seems that the scope and DSLR camera produces good to fair resolution for objects down to about 5 arcminutes. Whilst objects below this size can be identified, the power of the scope and sensitivity of the camera sensor can usually only show the presence of such features without providing useful detail. However, at other times this set-up is perfect for wider but still detailed images that sometimes lead to me other, unexpected objects in the same picture. The image of M35 is just such an example.

At the time of imaging, the less-than clear initial RAW images from the camera, with a dark blue hue from the CLS light pollution filter, nevertheless indicated that M35 was nicely positioned at the centre of the picture, with good resolution of the component stars. However, it was evident that there were also some other bright features away from the M35 open cluster which I had not anticipated. Notable amongst these was what seemed like a pale yellow smudge to the immediate west, the importance of which only became apparent after stacking and post processing.

M35 & NGC 2158 Open Clusters WO GT81 + Canon 700D (unmodded) | 15 x 120 secs @ ISO 1,600 & calibration

M35 (Centre) & NGC 2158 (Lower right) Open Clusters
WO GT81 + Canon 700D (unmodded) | 15 x 120 secs @ ISO 1,600 & calibration

It turns out that M35’s neighbour, 20 arcminutes to the south-west, is no less than NGC 2158 – another cluster. To the eye NGC 2158 seems to form an attractive, golden globular cluster. In fact it too is an open cluster but located more than 9,000 light-years beyond M35 and at 2 billion years, is much older. As they say, with age comes beauty, and I find this feature to be the more interesting of the two, all the more so as I was not expecting to see anything there, instead I got 2 for 1.

Raising the bar

January 5, 2015 by grahamrob in Deep Sky Objects, Equipment, Imaging and tagged DSO Imaging, Nebulae, telescope | 8 Comments

My short astroimaging journey has been marked by a number of challenges, which looking back can now be viewed as important steps and achievements that have made it all worthwhile.

First trying to get a recognisable astronomy picture of anything using a compact camera: widefield on a tripod or afocal through the telescope eyepiece. Afocal imaging was surprisingly difficult to do well, even when using a camera clamp. Eventually I managed to obtain a crude photograph of the Orion Nebula, which nevertheless showed its colour and the Trapezium star cluster. Whilst basic, at the time I was very pleased and found the capture of the nebula’s light itself something of a seminal moment for me; using a basic compact camera, it had been possible to reveal hithero unseen colours and nebulosity. I wanted more.

M42 The Great Orion Nebula
Afocal image | February 2014

Next, with the objective of achieving basic images of other iconic astronomical objects, I adopted two paths using (a) an astronomy webcam, and (b) a DSLR camera. At this stage I had added RA and DEC motor drives to my EQ3-2 mount, which then allowed the telescope and attached camera to track the desired object and thus achieve longer exposures required to improve quality and detail. However, this set-up was still quite basic, with exposures of no more than 20 seconds possible without producing star trails. Furthermore, finding the desired objects and focussing remained quite difficult.

M45 The Pleiades Canon 700 D DSLR + 150PL Newtonian relfector + x2 Barlow |February 2014

M45 The Pleiades
150PL Newtonian relfector + EQ3-2 mount + Canon 700D + x2 Barlow |February 2014

Mars 150PL Newtonian reflector + EQ3-2 mount + ZWO ASI 120 MC webcam + x2 Barlow | May 2014

The breakthrough came in June 2014 when I acquired an AZ-EQ6 Mount, which when properly aligned significantly improved tracking accuracy and thereby extended exposure times of up to 180 seconds; for various reasons this was not easy to set-up properly and took some months to master. At the same time I also obtained a William Optics GT81 apochromatic triplet refractor telescope which, in combination with the mount, held the prospect of even better astrophotography.

Since then I have slowly been trying to, (i) learn how to use all the various facets of the new equipment, and through this (ii) to improve the quality of my images and tackle new, hitherto unseen features. I have made good progress with the equipment in recent months, although there is still much untapped potential. However, improved imaging is now revealing the otherwise inaccessible world of Deep Sky Objects that is nothing less than incredible, exciting and very rewarding.

M57 Ring Nebula, close-up with polar alignment. Canon 700D | 24x30sec @ ISO 1,600

M57 Ring Nebula
William Optics GT81 + AZ-E6 GT mount | Canon 700D | 24 x 30 secs @ ISO 1,600 | September 2014

M45, The Pleiades or Seven Sisters star cluster Canon 700D unguided | 26 x 90 secs darks/bias/flats @ ISO 800

M45 The Pleiades or Seven Sisters star cluster
William Optics GT81 + AZ-EQ6 GT mount (unguided) + Canon 700D DSLR| 26 x 90 secs darks/bias/flats @ ISO 800 | October 2014

The Orion Nebula October 2014 - the secondary feature in the top left corner is another nebula, M43. Orientated with equatorial North up and East to the left. Canon 700D unguided | 20 x 90 secs + darks/bias/flats @ ISO 800

M42 The Orion Nebula
William Optics GT81 + AZ-EQ6 GT mount (unguided) | Canon 700D + field flattener| 20 x 90 secs + darks/bias/flats @ ISO 800 | October 2014

At this time of the year it is necessary to grab every opportunity possible for imaging and so it was last Monday. With the new, waxing Moon dominating the sky until about 10.30 pm and the probable onset of dew, or worst still frost sometime after midnight, the window of opportunity was likely to be limited and cold. As it turned out, when I started to set-up and align the equipment at 9.30 pm it was a balmy 4^oC, which subsequently cooled to less than 2^oC by midnight and -1^oC when I packed up after 2.00 am. However, the relative humidity during most of this time varied only between 75% and 78%, thus delaying the onset of dew and eventually frost until shortly before 2.00 am.

The wonderful Orion constellation still dominates the sky at the moment but having recently ‘discovered’ the Monoceros constellation, I wanted to continue to get better acquainted with some of its exciting objects as well as something new in Orion. Shortly before Christmas I managed to image my first Monoceros target, NGC 2264 or the Christmas Tree and Cone Nebulae. Whilst pleased with the outcome of this seasonal object, the image suffered from noise and some lack of detail arising from the pre-dominance of Ha-light which my unmodded camera is unable to record – note to Father Christmas, modified DSLR in 2015 please. I was concerned that my next object might suffer from the same problem but in the short imaging time I had available, was determined to improve the quality through better alignment, more subs and longer exposures of 120 seconds at ISO 1,600. The result was excellent and, I believe, shows how far I have come with astroimaging since my earlier afocal photographs just over one year ago. Practice + perseverance + patience = results (sometimes).

The main target this time was the Rosette Nebula, situated to the south west of NGC 2264. This giant molecular cloud of hydrogen gas consists of four nebulae (NGC 2237, 2238, 2239 & 2246), some 130 light-years in size with an open star cluster at the centre – NGC 2244. At about 5 million years old, these superhot stars are young and still being formed, with a brightness estimated to be some 400,000 times greater than our Sun. It is the energy and light from these stars that excites and illuminates the surrounding Rosette Nebula, which itself dominates the image.

NGC 2244 Rosette Nebula
William Optics GT 81 + AZ-EQ6 GT mount (unguided)+ Canon 700D DSLR| 30 x 120 secs @ ISO1,600 | 29th December 2014

Amongst various definitions, a rosette is the French diminutive of rose. It is also an award given for achievements. I’d like to think that this image captures both of these definitions – as a beautiful red, rose-like nebula and my personal award to mark a another milestone in my quest over the past year. A rosette may also typically be awarded to the winners at a show jumping or similar sporting event – in a comparable way, it’s now time for me to raise the astroimaging bar higher in 2015.

Reflections – 2014

December 31, 2014 by grahamrob in Astronomy holidays, Comments, Deep Sky Objects, Equipment, Imaging, Solar system, Viewing and tagged DSO Imaging, La Palma, Moon, Nebulae, Saturn | 1 Comment

2014 has been my first full year of astronomy and I thought it would be useful (for me) to recap, thereby hopefully providing some encouragement and momentum for 2015. It’s been a good year which I have enjoyed but it only gets a little easier, slowly, and I can see many challenges ahead.

JANUARY TO MARCH

At the start of the year I was still getting to grips with my original basic equipment, purchased in 2013 as an introduction to astronomy to see if I liked it: EQ3-2 mount, Skywatcher 150PL telescope and two basic Plössl eyepieces and Barlow. Though good, the shortcomings of the equipment quickly became apparent even for modest viewing tasks, so I soon made some important additions. In no particular order these were: RA and DEC motor drives, a Telrad finder and two better quality, wide-angle eyepieces. All of these items made a noticeable improvement to my astronomy and eventually my growing interest in astrophotography.

As a result, at the start of the New Year I decided to purchase a Canon 700D DSLR camera, which has since opened up a whole new world, literally. I have considerable SLR experience and had been using a compact digital camera for some years but the need to understand and use the technology embodied in a DSLR for astrophotography is, as they say, a whole new ball game.

At this stage, my approach to astronomy was to try and learn the basics first by using basic equipment, thereby understanding the nuts and bolts of astronomy before moving on to more technical processes and software driven equipment. Moreover, I hoped such an approach would provide a good, long-term foundation of knowledge to undertake more ambitious tasks one day; walk before you run.

Although a member of the Flamsteed Society, its location at Greenwich does not lend itself to regular, on-the-ground astronomy from which I might otherwise learn first-hand from other members. Unfortunately more local clubs are also absent, so the learning curve has been steep and mostly personal and hands-on, though I must recognise the extensive and generally excellent help gleaned from the internet and various astronomy blogs, noteworthy of which has been Stargazers Lounge. I have often been disappointed by some of the retailers who, in my experience don’t relate well to customers and / or provide clear, helpful guidance or adequate aftersales support. My interpretation is that they consist of persons who have probably started astronomy shops as an extension of what was previously a hobby and often lack the commercial and personal skills required for such a business. Thankfully there are exceptions and it is they who I shall return to with my business in the future, whenever possible.

Date	Object*	Feature / Name
Feb	Jupiter	Afocal Images
	Moon	DSLR mosaic
	Greta Orion Nebula	Afocal Images

*Record of photographic images taken in 2014

APRIL TO JUNE

By now I knew I wanted to pursue astronomy as a hobby and, in order to fast track my learning process and experience the subject at a higher level, I undertook a one week astronomy course at the private Tacande observatory in La Palma. The equipment there was outstanding and so was the night sky and guidance provided by the owner, Joan Genebriera. Afterwards I was hooked and my aspirations were sky high, literally.

Virgo Group – Galaxy Supercluster| Canon 350D from Tacande Observatory, La Palma

Returning from La Palma brought me back down to Earth, however, undeterred I felt it was time to try my hand at webcam planetary imaging. On the face of it easy but, as usual, looks can be deceiving. Online advice indicated that it was possible to adapt and rig-up an old webcam for such purposes but my attempts to do so using a spare Logitech webcam only ended in misery. I therefore decided to bite-the-bullet and purchase a more suitable, off-the shelf one. The Holy Grail for entering webcam imaging is apparently the Philips Toucam but alas it is no longer made and finding one second-hand is very difficult. I therefore soon realised that it would be necessary to purchase a new webcam and, furthermore, it made sense to get one which was specifically made for astrophotography, the theory being it would work out-the-box. As a result I purchased the ZWO ASI 034 MC colour webcam but, despite my best efforts was unable to get a picture and decided to visit the retailer in person, determined to find out if it was me or the camera; as it turned out it was neither.

The first problem turned out to be the camera software SharpCap, which despite assurances, would not work with the camera. Next, for reasons I still don’t understand, the alternative FireCapture software would also not work until a more up-to-date version was downloaded. Notwithstanding, it also became evident that the camera would not work through a USB 3.0 port – though at the time this was not specified anywhere in the accompanying literature. Finally, with the camera plugged in to the USB 2.0 port and the up-to-date version of FireCapture, it worked! Getting to this point took me countless hours at home, a long trip to the retailer (who was very helpful) and then still some 2-hours to get it working. So much for working out-the box! This again seems to be a feature of astronomy.

From this and other experiences with equipment, software and manufacturers I have concluded that the world of astronomy is fraught with unnecessary problems often arising from just inadequate advice (see previous comment). It is assumed, by others: manufacturers, retailers or more technically minded astronomers, that the user will possess similar skills to make things work but, as many /most of us are newcomers this is, to say the least, an unhelpful assumption. I have therefore learned that the internet is your friend. Through the use of various online sites and blogs, other astronomers have given their very helpful and often not inconsiderable time and advice, for which I am eternally grateful.

Whilst this was all happening at the retailer, I took the time to review the camera I had purchased more closely and at the last moment decided to exchange it for the inevitably more expensive ZWO ASI 120 MC version, which unlike the 034 MC version can be used for autoguiding – I hoped futureproofing the purchase, time will tell. It is interesting to note that the current version of this camera (a) comes with different software and (b) has been upgraded to work with USB 3.0 – well why wouldn’t it in the first place, as most computers now use this specification? This suggests to me: did they really think about the camera’s design and operation properly at the beginning? However, following this breakthrough using the webcam for imaging was still to provide its own problems, which I am still grappling with.

SW 150PL x2 Barlow & ZWO ASI 120 MC

Using the ZWO ASI 120 MC I first started imaging Saturn, with some success. However, using the EQ3-2 mount to find, focus and image was very difficult, especially when I tackled Mars. In this case the size of the planet makes all the aforementioned issues even more difficult but, after lots of attempts I managed to get an image – altogether with plenty of room for improvement but satisfying nonetheless. I subsequently discarded the webcam in favour of the DSLR, with which I am more comfortable and due to the lack of suitable, mostly planetary objects through the summer period. With the return of Jupiter in recent weeks and the prospect of using the ZWO webcam for autoguiding, I have returned to using it again but given the time that has since elapsed, I need to relearn its use all over again!

At this point I had concluded that I wanted to pursue astronomy and astrophotography. I was also drawn inexorably towards astroimaging DSO objects; they provide numerous, albeit more difficult targets at all times of the year and I have found their combination of otherworldly beauty and science fascinating – I am now on a slippery slope that I feel will last for years! The implications of this conclusion and based on what I had learned over the preceding year about my basic equipment had only one consequence, I needed better equipment. There are astronomers who will say this hobby can be done cheaply, frankly I don’t believe it. Even buying second hand and generally making-do, the need for another piece of equipment never seems to stop – ask my wife.

Resigned to this course of action and the inevitable extensive analysis of what equipment was best suited, I reached a conclusion of what equipment I needed surprisingly quickly, though still prevaricating over innumerable makes and models available. In the end I purchased an AZ-EQ6 GT mount and William Optics GT81 FPL3 triplet achromatic refractor. I could have shaved £400 to £500 off the cost by purchasing other very good but cheaper makes and models but the WO is a beautifully tactile piece of obviously very well made equipment, which is a pleasure to own and use. I had originally intended to purchase an HEQ5 mount but on taking the long view (no pun intended) and considering the superior and critical payload capacity decided to move up to the EQ6, which then became the AZ-EQ6 GT for its superior belt driven mechanism and even better payload.

Date	Object*	Feature / Name
April	M104	Sombrero Galaxy
	M1	Crab Nebula
	M3	Globular Cluster
	M84	Lenticular Galaxy
	M95 & M96 Group	Spiral Galaxy
	Virgo Group	Supercluster of Galaxies
	NGC 4435/38	The Eyes (Nonet) Galaxies
May	The Moon
	Mars
	Saturn

JULY TO DECEMBER

The absence of good astronomical darkness approaching the Summer Solstice at the end of June and onwards until later in August, makes imaging difficult at this time of the year. Furthermore, the summer skies are generally less interesting and altogether provide limited opportunities. As a result the one object remaining, that hopefully dominates the sky at this time of the year, is the Sun. It was therefore time to start solar astronomy.

Given the obvious dangers I approached the task carefully, getting a made-to-measure Baader Astro Solar filter for use with the Skywatcher 150PL. Rightly or wrongly, at this initial stage I decided to use the 150PL as I figured the larger, open design of the Newtonian reflector would help cooling. The result was fascinating, with sun spots and general surface granulation clearly visible. However, the set-up has two drawbacks: (i) the resulting FOV is small and requires six or more images to cover the whole of the Sun, and (ii) such a filter only produces a view of white light, not allowing the more spectacular features evident at a other wavelengths, such as prominences, to be viewed. For this a considerably more expensive solar telescope or highly specialized filters are required – such is the fascination of our local star I can see the time I will want to pursue this branch of astronomy further.

Sun Mosaic
SW 150PL + Baader Astro Solar Filter + Barlow x2 | Canon 700D DSLR

Having since used the new equipment for nearly six months now I have no regrets – you get what you pay for. However, as usual there have been problems to overcome. The mount is very solid and was a real pleasure to use but from the outset I have faced one big problem – polar alignment. With no view of Polaris or any of the northern sky, as my house is in the way, combined with restricted views to the south, east and west due to adjacent housing and trees, the only options were drift alignment or the polar alignment routine that I latterly discovered in the SynScan handset. For the moment the SynScan method has become my preferred technique but it can still be problematical, as it is quite fiddly and often the stars chosen by SynScan are not always visible e.g. it is not uncommon that at times all the alignment stars provided by Synscan are located in the northern sky and cannot be seen because of the aforementioned problems. However, I am getting better and with diligence and patience can now get to within 30” or less of true polar alignment, which has allowed exposures of up to 180 seconds. I have tried drift alignment a few times but have difficulty finding suitable stars on the horizon, as I basically don’t have an horizon! Going forwards I am considering the use of Alignmaster software, which looks very useful for this purpose, though the lack of a northerly view might still be a problem. In addition, I hope the ultimate goal of autoguiding should further enhance tracking accuracy even without perfect polar alignment – we shall see.

The second problem initially encountered was achieving an image when using the William Optics field flattener / focal reducer. Try as I may, I could not get an image with the William Optics GT81 + field flattener + camera combination and after a few evenings trying became desperate. How could it be so difficult? All this money for top-end equipment and not even a lousy image, let alone a good picture. With the help and encouragement from members of Stargazers Lounge, I had another go. This time I was more diligent with the set-up and at first using a very bright, easy to see star, was at last able to achieve a camera image and good focus using a Bahtinov mask. In a nutshell, the problem was that the point of focus is very, very critical, just a fraction of a millimetre out and the image disappears. Now I know this it’s quite easy but nobody points this out, least of all the manufacturer or retailer, who provided little to no instructions – I am learning this is also something common in the world of astronomy, which I find quite unacceptable.

So, after some weeks of trials and tribulations, the new equipment is mostly working very well and I have been able to successfully image a wide variety of objects. There’s plenty of room for improvement but I have obtained some enjoyable and often quite exciting photographs. Now for the next challenge, which has just started: computer control and autoguiding.

NGC 6960 AKA The Witch's Broom Canon 700D | 20x90 sec + darks.bias/ flats @ ISO 800

NGC 6960 AKA The Witch’s Broom
Canon 700D | 20×90 sec + darks.bias/ flats @ ISO 800

With DSLR or CCD / webcam imaging, processing is at least equally important as the original image capture. In the later part of the year I have therefore also started to tackle this dark art. Whilst compilation software such as Deep Sky Stacker and Registax requires some understanding to set-up, it is with post-processing that the final image can be made or lost. As a result I am using the extra time indoors to try and master the various techniques, with mixed success.

I should also note that during this period my elder daughter, Alison, persuaded and then helped me set-up this website. It has proved a useful discipline for organising my thoughts and images. I am very grateful for her help and have surprisingly enjoyed recording my astronomy endeavours. Although intended as a personal record, I note from the underlying website provider that it has been read far-and-wide across the world – 36 countries this year – which is also gratifying. I would love to hear from anybody via the WTSM site: questions, what are you doing, comments & feedback etc?

Date	Object*	Feature / Name
July	M57	Ring Nebula
	M13	Globular Cluster
	M15	Globular Cluster
Aug	M27	Dumbbell Nebula
	M31	Andromeda Galaxy
	M11	Wild Duck Cluster
	ISS	International Space Station
	NGC 6888	Crescent Nebula
		The Sun
Sept	NGC 7000	North America Nebula
	NGC 6960	Western Veil Nebula & Witch’s Broom
	NGC 7380	Wizzard Nebula
	M31	Andromenda Galaxy
	IC 1396	Elephant’s Trunk Nebula
	M2	Globular Cluster
Oct	M45	Pleiades Open Star Cluster
	Uranus
	M33	The Pinwheel Galaxy
	NGC 6992	Eastern Veil Nebula
	NGC 6995	Bat Nebula
	M42 & M43	Great Orion Nebula
	NGC 7320	Stephen’s Quintet (Galaxies)
	NGC 7331	Deer Lick Group (Galaxies)
	NGC 7814	Spiral Galaxy
Nov	NGC 1909	Witch Head Nebula
	IC 434	Horsehead Nebula
	NGC 2024	Flame Nebula
	NGC 1973/75/77	Running Man Nebula
Dec	M1	Crab Nebula
	ISS	International Space Station
	NGC 2264	Christmas Tree Cluster & Cone Nebula etc.
	NGC 2261	Hubble’s Variable Nebula
	NGC 19818	Open Star Cluster
	NGC 2244	Rosette Nebula
	M35	Open Star Cluster
	M78	Reflection Nebula

Goals for 2015 are:

Transfer the mount to EQMOD computer control – I have already linked the equipment indoors, together with Cartes du Ciel, but have yet to use it outside live.

Upgrade camera control software – again I am already trialling Astrophotography Tool (APT) indoors, which looks good and provides lots of flexibility, though in some ways I still like the EOS Utility software, which uses more simple and therefore reliable control choices.

For astrophotography this is the Holy Grail and, if successful, should enable significantly longer exposures and thus better detail and sharper images to be achieved. At the time of upgrading my equipment in the summer I also purchased a William Optics 50 mm guidescope – all I need to do is get it working! This will require two further pieces of software: (i) Push Here Dummy or PHD, which is responsible for controlling the interaction between the guidecope and the mount, and (ii) Astro Tortilla, which undertakes a process called ‘plate solving’, whereby using actual pictures taken at the time of set-up, it then recognises the section of the sky it (the telescope) is looking at, identifies the object in the field of view and using this information ensures that the telescope (and thus camera) are pointing exactly towards the chosen object by iteratively interacting with the other guiding software. As a fan of the KISS principle, I must admit to being somewhat intimidated by all this but am assured by others that it is not so bad to use (famous last words) and once up and running, will have a major impact. We shall see!

Even at this stage, I can already see the need for additional equipment. With numerous Ha-emitting nebulae a modified DSLR camera is beginning to seem essential and probably a more powerful computer for image processing. I am sure this list will grow as the year progresses.

All-in-all, I am pleased with my progress during the past year, with a noticeable improvement since acquiring the new equipment. There have been more highs than lows and, I suppose, that’s a result in itself. It is very exciting when you first see Saturn, Jupiter or Mars and then image them but I have discovered that my metier and main enjoyment comes from DSOs, in particular nebulae. I find their very nature beguiling; beautiful to view, challenging but very rewarding to image and scientifically fascinating. I am therefore sure that in 2015 they will remain my main targets but, notwithstanding, there are many other objects worthy of attention, including in the UK a partial eclipse of the Sun in March.

Watch this space!

Orions Sword. Top to bottom: NGC 1981 Open Star Cluster, NGC 1973/75/77 Nebulae, M42 & M43 Great Orion Nebula & the binary star Hatsya. WO GT81, Canon 700D + FF | 30 x 120 secs + darks/bias/flats @ ISO 800

My picture of the year: Orions Sword. Top to bottom: NGC 1981 Open Star Cluster, NGC 1973/75/77 Nebulae, M42 & M43 Great Orion Nebula & the binary star Hatsya.
WO GT81, Canon 700D + FF | 30 x 120 secs + darks/bias/flats @ ISO 800

The Horse & Flame

November 26, 2014 by grahamrob in AstroBin, Deep Sky Objects, Imaging and tagged DSO Imaging, Nebulae, Orion | 2 Comments

With the full moon early in the month and some truly awful weather, I have been unable to get out at Fairvale Observatory since October 31^st! Notwithstanding , this has been an opportunity to spend time learning more about the dark art of processing, which can sometimes be more important than image capture itself, so is hopefully time well spent. Apart from the usual assistance of Mr Google, I have purchased the excellent online ‘book’ of Jerry Lodriguss, Photoshop for Astrophotographers – which I am slowly working through, and watched the equally excellent YouTube tutorials by Doug German on the same matter. It is often said that a picture is worth a thousand words, and Doug’s tutorials are probably the easiest and most accessible way into the use of Photoshop for astrophotography – I also enjoy his dry sense of humour. Finally, I am currently trialling Russell Croman’s Gradient Exterminator, which is intended to remove the external light gradient that inevitably creeps into even the best of images; it’s early days but I think I like it – it’s tricky to use and Doug German’s video tutorial is very helpful in this regard too.

The extended absence of clear night skies for astronomy also benefits subsequent viewing as the sky has changed, in this case a lot. We have now moved on to winter skies, which are best exemplified by the constellation of Orion here in the northern hemisphere. I was initially successful in imaging the iconic Orion Nebula early in October but only by getting up very, very early. At Fairlvale Observatory it now comes into view at about 10pm and after 11pm can be imaged. With clear skies finally arriving last Sunday evening, albeit accompanied by very cold temperatures, I was finally able to get out again – this time to spend more time with Orion.

In my ignorance, what has surprised me about Orion is the extensive presence of spectacular nebulae throughout the constellation: M42 Orion Nebula, M43 De Mairan’s Nebula, NGC 1973/5/7 The Running Man nebula, M78 between Alnitak and Betelguese etc, etc. But, I had also somehow overlooked the ‘Horse & Flame’, located above the Orion Nebula nearby the lower end of Orion’s belt: Mintaka – Alnilam – Alnitak. In close proximity to Alnitak (a triple star), which with an apparent magnitude between +2.0 and +4.0 is a problem for imaging, the sky is full of spectacular nebulae – notably the Flame Nebula and the iconic Horsehead Nebula. Having latterly learnt of their presence in the same part of the sky, I had to try and image them.

The Horsehead Nebula is a cloud of interstellar dust and gas that, as a result of it’s density, appears dark against the surrounding red nebulous ‘curtains’. The resulting shape looks like, well a horse’s head and has therefore become an iconic and well known image. However, located on the other north-eastern side of Alnitak is perhaps the real star (no pun intended) of the show, the Flame Nebula – NGC 2024. A combination of dark gas and dust with glowing hydrogen gas, energised by ultraviolet light emitted from Alnitak. Such is the form of these materials that the resulting effect is that of a burning flame. I was therefore thrilled that after my enforced indoor sojourn to be able to capture the Horse and Flame (sounds like a pub I’d like to visit!) together in one beautiful picture.

The Horsehead and Flame Nebulae. The Horse is located directly below (south) the large bright star Altinak triple star which forms the eastern end of Orion's belt, about half way down the image, sticking its 'head' into the red curtain nebulosity. The Flame is just to the left (east) of Altinak. WO GT81, Canon 700D + FF | 28 x 90 secs + darks/bias/flats ISO 1,000 | Photoshop processed + Gradient Exterminator

The Horsehead and Flame Nebulae. The Horse is located directly below (south) the large bright Alnitak triple star which forms the eastern (left) end of Orion’s belt, about half way down the image, sticking its ‘head’ into the red curtain of nebulosity. The Flame is just to the left (east) of Alnitak.
WO GT81, Canon 700D + FF | 28 x 90 secs + darks/bias/flats ISO 1,600 | Photoshop processed + Gradient Exterminator

The absence of light

November 10, 2014 by grahamrob in General Astronomy, Imaging, Viewing, Widefield Imaging | Leave a comment

“Light thinks it travels faster than anything but it is wrong. No matter how fast it travels, it finds that darkness has got there first, and is waiting for it.” Terry Pratchet, Reaper Man.

It may seem something of a contradiction that as astronomers we seek very dark places and skies in order to see light, light that may have travelled millions of light years to get here – light travels 6 trillion miles in one year. For human beings the perception of darkness differs with the mere absence of light, due to the effect of afterimages that are produced by the unstimulated (by light) part of the eye. Typically our eyes will take between 20 and 30 minutes to fully adjust to darkness, at which time the eye becomes between ten thousand and a million times more sensitive than in daylight.

Objectively the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale describes nine levels of darkness and thereby quantifies the astronomical observability of celestial objects and impact of light pollution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortle . With digital photography the colour of a point is described on the camera’s sensor by three RGB (red, green, blue) values, each ranging from 0 to 255. Thus when each pixel is fully illuminated each colour component measures 255 or for an RGB image 255,255,255. Conversely when all values are zero or 00,00,00, it appears black. However, the night sky is not black but measures somewhere between 10 and 30 when imaged.

Night sky image (Eastern Veil) with dark point set at 0,0,0

Dark sky image (Eastern Veil) with dark point set at 20,20,20. This approximates best to the natural darkness of the night sky.

There are even four subdivisions to describe approaching darkness at night:

Civil Twilight: begins at sunset and ends when the sun is 6^obelow the horizon or more practically, it can be described as the period after sunset during which terrestrial objects can still be clearly distinguished. Normally the end of civil twilight is usually 20 to 30 minutes after actual sunset.

Nautical Twilight: describes the period when the sun is between 6^o and 12^o below the horizon, during this time it is now possible to take reliable star sightings at sea. It may more commonly be described as nightfall but it is still not strictly dark yet.

Astronomical Twilight: defined as the period when the sun is now between 12^o and 18^obelow the horizon. To the casual observer this may be considered dark but it’s not, only when Deep Sky Objects such as nebulae and galaxies can be viewed is it fully dark.

Therefore, only after this sequence is completed, which takes almost two hours after sunset here at Fairvale Observatory at this time of the year, does true astronomical night or darkness occur. The excellent FLO Clear Outside weather forecast website, which is linked on the front page of this website, shows the current timings for each of these periods every day along the top horizontal bar, just below the hourly sub-division headings.

Obviously this has a major bearing for astronomers and perhaps more so for astrophotography. So sensitive is the camera’s sensor that when using long exposures the cumulative light recorded, even in a dark-sky environment, may result in a bright image that will need to be corrected during processing. Notwithstanding, the holy grail for astronomers is a dark, clear sky and the biggest enemy (other than bad weather and cloudy skies) is light pollution, which is spreading inexorably across the globe.

At the beginning of this post is a NASA picture of the Earth at night, produced as a composite of image data from the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellite, taken in April and October 2012 over a period of 312 orbits. NPP passes over any given point on Earth’s surface twice every day, flying 824 kilometres (512 miles) above the surface in a polar orbit, circling the planet about 14 times a day http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/IntotheBlack/ . Away from the cities much of the other light from wildfires, fishing boats, gas flares or mining operation is also visible. Whilst undeniably a beautiful picture, for astronomers it highlights one of the major obstacles we are up against, light, or more accurately light present here on Earth. The night sky before the invention of the commercial light bulb by Tomas Edison in 1878 must have been a wonderful sight; I doubt that Messier (1730-1817) would have successfully catalogued all his 110 objects as easily with today’s skies.

The dark side of the world: city lights of Europe, Africa, Middle East & Central Asia

The dark side of the world, with light just over the western horizon.

Time Travel

November 5, 2014 by grahamrob in Deep Sky Objects, Imaging | 1 Comment

In my opinion the current 12^th Time Lord, Peter Capaldi, is one of the best doctors yet but it’s all just a good yarn, isn’t it? At the level of quantum physics the potential of time travel has recently been shown to be feasible and even the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat has now been experimentally demonstrated at a quantum level i.e. the same thing can exist in two places at the same time. Still, intuitively time travel seems unlikely but nevertheless last week I travelled back 400 million years without moving from Fairvale Observatory!

As a result of good viewing conditions and excellent alignment of the mount and telescope, I sought to capture light that left on its journey 300 million years ago. This time marks the end of the late Carboniferous era, taking its name from the period of worldwide formation of coal deposits, which resulted in the highest atmospheric oxygen levels the Earth has ever experienced (35%) and lead to an abundance of giant insects and amphibians as the first reptiles also appeared on Earth.

Widefield view of Stephan’s Quintet (red circle) and NGC7331 + Deer Lick Group (red box)
WO GT81, Canon 700D + FF | 20 x 120 secs + darks/bias/flats @ ISO 1,600

Located in the constellation of Pegasus, Stephan’s Quintet is a group of four galaxies whose respective gravities lock them in a cosmic dance with each other that will inevitably lead to their coalescence. The fifth and brightest member of the group, NGC 7320, is in fact just 40 million light years away but viewed from Earth appears to be spatially associated with the aforementioned group and thus makes up the fifth member of the quintet. Unfortunately my 80 mm telescope only shows a smudge of light from Stephan’s Quintet but it is light that has just arrived here at Fairvale Observatory after making a 300 million year journey, it is literally looking back in time. A more substantial Hubble image shows us exactly what was happening to these galaxies at that moment – it seems probable that they have by now come together but we’ll have to wait another 300 million years to see that.

Stephan’s Quintet taken by the Hubble telescope

Stephan's Quintet (bottom left) and NGC 7331 & Deer Lick Group (top left)

Stephan’s Quintet (bottom left) and NGC 7331 + Deer Lick Group (top right)

One advantage of the smaller 80mm William Optics refractor telescope is that its field of view is quite large and whilst seeking to capture Stephan’s Quintet, I also inadvertently managed to image another group of galaxies. In this case the dominant NGC 7331 galaxy with, apparently close-by but actually located up to ten times further away, the Deer Lick Group of galaxies. The magnificent NGC 7331 is a mere 50 million light years from Earth and is thought to be similar to our very own Milky Way. The Deer Lick Group (indicated by four red arrows in the main picture above) is however some 400 million light years* away – thus corresponding to the mid-Devonian period or the Age of Fishes; named after the red rocks first identified in Devon, UK and particularly known for its plethora of fish that developed at this time. I am quite sure that even The Doctor would be impressed by the time travelled by the light from these objects as it arrives here on Earth after such a long journey and provides us with a glimpse of the past, today.

NGC 7331 spiral galaxy (foreground) and Deer Lick Group above (see main anotated picture for detailed location). Light form the Deer Lick Group of galaxies is 400 million years old.

NGC 7331 spiral galaxy (foreground) and Deer Lick Group above (see main anotated picture for detailed location). Light from the Deer Lick Group of galaxies is over 400 million years old.

* For the record, light travels 670 million miles in one hour or 6 trillion miles in one year.