Photon Factory

June 15, 2021 by grahamrob in Deep Sky Objects, Equipment, Globular Cluster, Imaging, Narrowband and tagged Globular Clusters, Hercules | Leave a comment

About this time of the year as astronomical darkness is lost for a few months I tend to take it easy, astronomically speaking. However, this year’s an exception as I have a large backlog of image processing to complete courtesy of the Photon Factory. With continuously bad weather prevailing across Europe back in February, it was more than four months since I’d been able to undertake any astrophotography here at Fairvale Observatory – of course such problems go with the hobby but this was ridiculous and somewhat disheartening. There were three solutions to the situation: continue waiting, give up all together or look further afield where the skies are reliably clear and dark, which like many others nowadays is what I did and thus joined the ever increasing band of remote imagers.

About 2-years ago I considered establishing equipment at one of the growing number of astrophotography host sites in southern Europe. However, after some research I concluded that whilst such a facility would be great to have it was probably too expensive for now and moreover, I first needed to spend more time improving my processing techniques before embarking on such a plan. Thus having since taken steps towards this goal, which included learning PixInsight, I felt the time was right to sign-up with Deep Sky West (DSW) situated in the state of New Mexico, USA. DSW were one of the early remote hosting observatories established and have a good reputation, reasonable prices and a wide choice of quality equipment. I therefore signed up for one year’s imaging with the following set-up:

Takahashi FSQ 106 FL 530mm f/5 + Moonlight Nightcrawler focuser
QSI1683-WSGA camera 5.4 nm pixels & Astrodon 5nm filters
Paramount MyT mount

Deep Sky West is located about 35-miles south east of Santa Fe, at an elevation of 7,400ft on the Glorietta Mesa (see above map). Established by Lloyd Smith and Bruce Wright in 2015, there are now two large bespoke roll-off sheds (Alpha & Beta – see picture below) housing up to nearly forty rigs which are used by astrophotographers from across the world – you could call it a photon factory. DSW has since established a premier reputation as an observatory producing high quality data. Building on this success and the burgeoning demand for remote imaging, DSW are now expanding their service into Chile.

After imaging the globular cluster M53 from Fairvale Observatory in early April, it was opportune to be able to continue the same theme with my first two DSW images taken during Q1 and Q2 – the globular clusters M13 and M92, both located in the constellation of Hercules. With an angular separation of just 9^o 33’, spatially the two clusters appear as neighbours but in reality M13 is some 4,560 thousand light-years closer. Spanning some 145 light years in diameter, M13 consists of several hundred thousand stars and as the brightest globular cluster in our galaxy it is generally considered to be the finest in the Northern Hemisphere. Whilst somewhat overshadowed by its more famous neighbour, M92 is still one of the brightest globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way and at +11 billion years is one of the oldest.

Since moving to mono imaging in 2017 I’ve only used a CMOS camera and therefore this is my first experience of working with CCD data, hitherto considered as the best, though more recent development of CMOS sensors suggests this is now likely to be the way forwards for amateur astrophotography. Whilst most of the techniques are the same there are minor differences such as using bias frames instead of dark flats with my CMOS camera for calibration.

The DSW equipment combination produces a field-of-view nearly 50% less than my equipment at home but with a similar resolution, thus improving the magnification and image details of smaller and/or complex features such as globular clusters. Notwithstanding, I was pleased with my previous image of M13 (above) taken from Fairvale Observatory in 2018, which after cropping compares well with the new DSW version (see main image at the top of the page). This is my first image of M92 (below), which though OK probably needs more attention, as I’m not convinced the combination of the 600 secs + 300 secs + 60 secs data has worked to its full potential.

The Takahashi 106 is one of my dream scopes and with up to 250 clear nights a year historically, the DSW location in New Mexico provides an opportunity to work with top level equipment in outstanding night sky conditions – what’s not to like with remote imaging? However, with a growing cadre of remote imagers this has become a something of a contentious issue amongst astrophotographers – there’s no doubt it produces excellent data which leads to outstanding images but as a hobby it’s still good to be hands-on. So far I’m really enjoying working with the remote data produced under optimum conditions but strangely there’s much to be said for imaging in the backyard even with or perhaps because of the problems it involves. Funny old world!

	IMAGING DETAILS
Object	M13 The Great Globular Cluster in Hercules
Constellation	Hercules
Distance	22,180 light-years
Size	20.0 arc minutes
Apparent Magnitude	+5.8

Scope	Takahashi FSQ 106 FL 530mm f/5 + Moonlight Nightcrawler focuser
Mount	Paramount MyT
Guiding	Yes
Camera	QSI 683-WSG8 with KAF-8300 full frame CCD sensor and 5.4nm pixels
	FOV 1.94^o x 1.46^o Resolution 2.1”/pix. Image array 3326 x 2,507 pix
Processing	Deep Sky Stacker, PixInsight v1.8.8-7, Photoshop CS3, Topaz Denoise
Image Location	Centre – RA 16:41:41.701 DEC +36:27:34.927
Exposures	49 L 34R 36G 36 B x 300 secs @ -15C Total Integration Time: 12hr 55min
Calibration	48 x 900 secs Darks* x47 Bias & x20 LRGB Flats *scaled to 300sec
Location & Darkness	Deep Sky West – amateur hosting facility near Rowe, New Mexico, USA SQM Typically >= 21.7
Date & Time	Q1 2021

	IMAGING DETAILS
Object	M92 Globular Cluster
Constellation	Hercules
Distance	26,740 light-years
Size	14.00 arc minutes
Apparent Magnitude	+6.3

Scope	Takahashi FSQ 106 FL 530mm f/5 + Moonlight Nightcrawler focuser
Mount	Paramount MyT
Guiding	Yes
Camera	QSI 683-WSG8 with KAF-8300 full frame CCD sensor and 5.4nm pixels
	FOV 1.94^o x 1.46^o Resolution 2.1”/pix. Image array 3326 x 2,507 pix
Processing	Deep Sky Stacker, PixInsight v1.8.8-7, Photoshop CS3, Topaz Denoise
Image Location	Centre – RA 17:17:07.165 DEC +43:08:10.267
Exposures	20L 12R 12G 18B x 600 secs @ -15C 0L 23R 22G 23B x 300 secs30L 30R 30G 23B x 60 secs Total Integration Time: 17hr 53min
Calibration	48 x 900 secs Darks* x47 Bias & x20 LRGB Flats *scaled to 600, 300 & 60 secs
Location & Darkness	Deep Sky West – amateur hosting facility near Rowe, New Mexico, USA SQM Typically >= 21.7
Date & Time	Q2 2021

Last Chance Catch

May 7, 2021 by grahamrob in Deep Sky Objects, Imaging, Narrowband, Nebula and tagged Jellyfish Nebula | Leave a comment

Here at Fairvale Observatory, most of the exciting deep sky objects associated with the transit of the Milky Way during winter have disappeared over the western horizon by early spring. Notwithstanding, a brief period of decent conditions at the very end of March provided a late window of opportunity to image a core area of our galaxy, which being viewed above Oirion at a higher declination in the constellation of Gemini, helped to extend the limited imaging time available. Frankly after such a terrible period of weather since last November, I was desperate to get one last image from this rich part of the night sky and try out my new Chroma narrowband filters again, which thankfully worked out well after imaging IC443 the Jellyfish Nebula over four nights, despite there being less than two hours of suitable viewing and darkness each night.

The remnant of a supernova that occurred between 3,000 and 33,000 years ago, located in the Gemini constellation the Jellyfish Nebula is some 5,000 light years from Earth. With a diameter of 70 light-years, the angular view of the nebula is some 50 arcminutes or nearly twice the size of a full moon. Overall the nebula consists of at least three distinct shells reflecting the complex nature of this Type-II supernova, which is interacting with the surrounding area of molecular clouds.

*Red box indicates location and orientation of image*

Acknowledging the limited time available – compounded by lingering cloud each night – I chose to image The Jellyfish in narrowband bicolour, hoping to collect some SII photons on another day to add to the Ha & OIII. At the end I also added some short LRGB subs to improve the final star colours and during processing used Ha as a false luminance layer to help bring out the complex structure of the nebula further. The image has been deliberately framed by the adjacent large stars Propus (bottom) and Tejat (top), which caused plenty of problems during processing but in my opinion form an essential component when imaging this object. Whilst IC443 is undoubtedly the main act, it is set off well by the large adjacent area of detailed nebulosity and the smaller reflection nebula IC444 to the right which is easy to overlook. Despite many issues I am very pleased with the final image that beautifully shows off this spectacular DSO and the surrounding region in all its glory, which seems all the better being something of a last chance opportunity that I thought I’d missed for this season.

	IMAGING DETAILS
Object	IC443 Jellyfish Nebula & IC444
Constellation	Gemini
Distance	5,000 light-years
Size	50 arc minutes ~70 light years
Apparent Magnitude	+12

Scope	William Optics GT81 + Focal Reducer FL 382mm f4.72
Mount	SW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
Guiding	William Optics 50mm guide scope
	+ Starlight Xpress Lodestar X2 camera & PHD2 guiding
Camera	ZWO1600MM-Cool mono CMOS sensor
	FOV 2.65^o x 2.0^o Resolution 2.05”/pix Max. image size 4,656 x 3,520 pix
EFW	ZWOx8 EFW & 31mm Chroma LRGB + 3nm Ha &OIII filters
Capture & Processing	Astro Photography Tool + PHD2 + Deep Sky Stacker, PixInsight v1.8.8-7, Photoshop CS3, +Starnet, Topaz Denoise
Image Location & Orientation	Centre RA 06:18:53.542 DEC +22:31:13.827 @21.30h Right = North
Exposures	NB 15 x 600 sec Ha , 12 x 600 sec OIII & BB 15 x L, 11 x R, 9 x G5, 11 x B x 120 sec Total integration time: 6hr 02 min
	@ 139 Gain 21 Offset @ -20^oC
Calibration	NB 5 x 600 sec Darks + 15 x Ha & OIII flats & dark flats BB 10 x 120 sec Darks + 15 LRGB Flats & Dark Flats @ ADU 25,000
Location & Darkness	Fairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time	29^th & 30^th March + 4^th & 5^th April 2021 @ +21.00h
Weather	Approx. <5^oC RH >=30% 🌙 99% waning

Two’s Company

April 28, 2021 by grahamrob in Broadband, Deep Sky Objects, General Astronomy, Globular Cluster, Imaging and tagged Globular Clusters, M53 | Leave a comment

For good reason spring is known as “galaxy season” by astronomers but during this period, shortly before astronomical darkness inevitably disappears for summer, there’s also another show in town. Closer to home in the denser extremities of our galaxy, over 150 globular clusters have so far been identified orbiting above and below the plane of the Milky Way within the galactic halo. Globular clusters consist of hundreds of thousands of tightly packed stars that are surely one of the more enigmatic features of astronomy, as we now know that similar clusters also are associated with other galaxies throughout the Universe. Whilst the formation of globular clusters is poorly understood, we do know that at 10.0 to 13.5 billion years they are very old. Given their age, location and density, it seems that globular clusters formed under very different circumstances to the more recent dispersed star clusters.

Sagittarius and Ophiuchus brim with globular clusters but at the higher latitude here at Fairvale Observatory it is necessary to view those around the regions of Canes Venatici, Virgo or Coma Berenices; the Great Cluster of M13 and others such as M92 and NGC 6229 located in the aforesaid Hercules constellation move into a better view later during early summer. Having previously imaged a number of these clusters in the past, this spring I looked around for something new and different, which I found in the name of M53 (Above + left of centre – main image top of the page) . In this case it turned out to be two for the price of one, as with careful framing it was possible to include a second globular cluster, NGC 5053 (Below + right of centre – main image top of the page).

True Orientation (top = North) + 30% crop – Image Rotated 90 degrees clockwise

Located in the southern area of the Coma Berenices constellation, M53 (Above left of centre – main image, top of the page) is some 58,000 light years from Earth. Containing some 500,000 metal-poor stars, the cluster equates to 13 arc minutes of sky or about 220 light years in diameter, with an estimated age of 12.67 billion years. Just over 1^o east of M53, NGC 5053 is 53,500 light-years away, with an apparent size of 10.5 arc minutes or 160 light-years. Although classified as a globular cluster, NGC 5053 is more irregular and dispersed in nature without a distinct bright core and is therefore dimmer than its neighbour, making it more difficult to image.

All-in-all I believe these two globular clusters, combined with the star studded background that just includes the binary Diadem star (Upper edge + right of middle – main image, top of the page) southwest of M53, altogether makes for a rich and interesting final image.

	IMAGING DETAILS
Object	M53 & NGC 5053
Constellation	Coma Berenices
Distance	Approx.. 58,000 & 53,000 light-years
Size	13.0 & 10.5 arc minutes
Apparent Magnitude	+8.33 & +10.00

Scope	William Optics GT81 + Focal Reducer FL 382mm f4.72
Mount	SW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
Guiding	William Optics 50mm guide scope
	+ Starlight Xpress Lodestar X2 camera & PHD2 guiding
Camera	ZWO1600MM-Cool mono CMOS sensor
	FOV 2.65^o x 2.0^o Resolution 2.05”/pix Max. image size 4,656 x 3,520 pix
EFW	ZWOx8 EFW & 31mm Chroma LRGB filters
Capture & Processing	Astro Photography Tool + PHD2 + Deep Sky Stacker, PixInsight v1.8.8-7, Photoshop CS3, Topaz Denoise
Image Location & Orientation	Centre RA 13:13:59.405 DEC +18:01:48.627 Lower Left Corner = North Top = South West
Exposures	55 x 180 sec L , 34 x 180 sec R, 30 x 180 sec G&B Total Integration Time: 7hr 27 min
	@ 139 Gain 21 Offset @ -20^oC
Calibration	10 x 60 sec Darks 15 x LRGB Flats & Dark Flats @ ADU 25,000
Location & Darkness	Fairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time	13^th, 15^th & 16^th April 2021 @ +21.00h
Weather	Approx. <5^oC RH >55% 🌙 6% waxing

Galactic Stepping Stones

April 20, 2021 by grahamrob in Broadband, Deep Sky Objects, Galaxy, General Astronomy and tagged Coma Berenices, Filters, Virgo | Leave a comment

The Virgo Cluster consists of more than 2,000 galaxies, which unfortunately are optically too much for my small William Optics GT81 telescope individually. However, one of several sub-groups within the Virgo Cluster forms a striking J-curve shape that does make for a pleasing LRGB image. Discovered and named after the Armenian astrophysicist Benjamin Markarian, Markarian’s Chain is a string of bright galaxies that share a common motion through space. I first imaged the Chain in April 2015 using a modded DSLR and then again in April 2017, as my first LRGB image with the then new ZWO ASI1600MM-Cool camera but with integration times of less than 1-hour on both occasions, the resulting images were far from ideal. On this occasion using my new Chroma LRGB filters for the first time I was determined to do better.

The new filters and nearly 7-hours integration time has resulted in a much more dynamic and detailed image, which I believe now does justice to this spectacular group of galaxies. Analysis of the image using Astrometry.net shows just how crowded this area of Virgo is with galaxies (see annotated image above) but it is Markarian’s Chain that inevitably stands out together with a few other adjacent galaxies.

Large 10^th magnitude M84 & M86 galaxies at the western end of the Chain dominate the image. M84 is the object with the highest blue shift in the Messier catalogue, which is a result of its rapid movement (244km/sec) towards the centre of the Virgo Cluster and us. At the centre of M84 is a 1.5 billion solar mass black hole.
NGC 4420 & NGC 4388 – by comparison these edge-on galaxies together with even smaller NGC 4413 & NGC 4425 seem to frame the larger M84 and M86.
Next along the Chain is a pair of interacting galaxies, the smaller round shaped NGC 4435 and NGC 4438 with its distorted disk, known as “The Eyes”.
As the Chain starts to turn, some 20’ along is NGC 4458 and its partner, the 11th magnitude elliptical NGC 4461.
The final section of the Chain consists first of NGC 4473, its brightness generated by a supermassive black hole – at 100 million solar masses its diameter of 4.46au which would stretch from the Sun to the asteroid belt! Thereafter the 11.4 magnitude barred lenticular galaxy NGC 4477 defines the north eastern extremity of Markarian’s Chain.
As previously noted, there are many other galaxies in this part of the Virgo Cluster. Perhaps most notable though is M87, from which the first ever image of a black hole was the obtained in 2019 – consisting of some 6.5 billion solar masses.

All-in-all Markarian’s Chain makes for a rewarding image using my small telescope combined with the new Chroma filters. Such is the nature of the image the galaxies might also suggest a string of pearls or perhaps galactic stepping stones – metaphorically leading to the next phase of my astroimaging journey.

	IMAGING DETAILS
Object	Markarian’s Chain
Constellation	Virgo & Coma Berenices
Distance	50 – 55 million light-years
Size	~2.5^o total
Apparent Magnitude	Varies +10 to +12 approx.

Scope	William Optics GT81 + Focal Reducer FL 382mm f4.72
Mount	SW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
Guiding	William Optics 50mm guide scope
	+ Starlight Xpress Lodestar X2 camera & PHD2 guiding
Camera	ZWO1600MM-Cool mono CMOS sensor
	FOV 2.65^o x 2.0^o Resolution 2.05”/pix Max. image size 4,656 x 3,520 pix
EFW	ZWOx8 EFW & 31mm Chroma LRGB filters
Capture & Processing	Astro Photography Tool + PHD2 + Deep Sky Stacker, PixInsight v1.8.8-7, Photoshop CS3, Topaz Denoise
Image Location & Orientation	Centre RA 12:27:46.65 DEC +13:03:06.44 @21.30h Left = North
Exposures	100 x 60 sec L , 54 x 60 sec R, 55 x 60 sec G&B Total Integration Time: 6hr 44 min
	@ 139 Gain 21 Offset @ -20^oC
Calibration	10 x 60 sec Darks 15 x LRGB Flats & Dark Flats @ ADU 25,000
Location & Darkness	Fairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time	5^th & 6^th April 2021 @ +21.00h
Weather	Approx. <2^oC RH >=45% 🌙 30% waning

Rosette Nebula – Chroma First Light

March 14, 2021 by grahamrob in Deep Sky Objects, General Astronomy, Narrowband, Nebula, Processing and tagged Filters, Monoceros, Rosette Nebula | Leave a comment

The history of astrophotography will record a period of rapid innovation during the past decade, amongst which one of the stand-out developments has been that of the CMOS sensor based camera, notably the ZWO ASI1600MM-Cool (see below). Just look at any astrophotography website such as Astrobin and it won’t take long to find an image taken with this camera such is its popularity. It is this very camera that I was fortunate to purchase in December 2016 shortly after its release and has been the core of my astrophotography set-up ever since.

I have generally been very happy with the results achieved with the ZWO camera, although an issue sometimes occurs when imaging large stars, so called ‘star bloating’. There are a number of theories discussed ad nauseam online why this might occur, of which microlensing and / or diffraction seems most likely and probably relates to either – the sensor, sensor cover or filters. Since beginning with the ZWO camera I’ve used their excellent matching EFW with LRGB and 7nm narrowband filters. Notwithstanding, the filters are considered to be somewhat ‘low end’ by the aficionados of such things and after living with the ZWO filters for some time, at considerable cost I recently decided to upgrade to a set of Chroma 31mm filters – LRGB + 3nm narrowband. Together with Astrodon, Chroma filters are generally considered to be the best and my expectations were therefore high.

Being unmounted I’d previously found the ZWO filters tricky to install using the small screws and fibre washers supplied. At 3mm Chroma are physically 1mm thicker than ZWO filters and also need to be fitted in a specific direction, which is ‘letters up’ or with top of the ID letters on the side of the filter facing towards the sensor; this is disputed by the manufacturer but there’s substantial first-hand experience online that suggests otherwise. With these issues in mind I sought out bespoke filter masks and longer M2 6mm screws to hold the thicker filters firmly in place. The 3D printed masks from Buckeyestargazer in the USA did a great job securing the filters and are better than those from ZWO – the internal edge of the mask forms an L-shaped ledge into which the filter fits snuggly. Ready to go, I then had to wait nearly 4-months before the clouds parted to try out these expensive pieces of glass and then it was a full moon – I often wonder if astrophotography is a good hobby to choose in the United Kingdom but it’s too late now?

*Chroma filters secured with Buckeyestargazer masks and ready to go*

Given the presence of the moon it therefore had to be suitable narrowband target and after three years since I’d last imaged this object it was an opportunity to have another go at NGC 2244 AKA the Rosette Nebula, though being late February there was limited time each night before the object sunk low behind trees on the western horizon; coincidentally the ZWO ASI1600MM-Cool First Light in early 2017 was also the Rosette. Before starting serious imaging I first tried some test shots to make sure everything worked OK and immediately discovered that the change from 7nm to 3nm had a significant impact on light gathering, thus requiring greater exposure times of an unprecedented 10 minutes. Not surprisingly this was also apparent when taking flats which increased exposure time of up to x10 longer in duration compared to the ZWO filters; conversely preliminary but limited tests on the broadband filters seem to indicate greater transparency and thus shorter exposures, time will tell if this is correct.

So was it all worth it? I’m very pleased with the final image which was processed using the SHO Hubble Palette with PixInsight and Photoshop (see top of the page). There are a number of significant bright stars in and around the Rosette which the Chroma filters have handled well but overall it is the more delicate tone that has been achieved which is most pleasing. Fundamentally the 3nm filters have produced a more subtle quality to the overall image and in particular the nebulosity. In addition, applying Hartmut Bornemann’s excellent colour calibration script AutoColor for the first time (see Visible Dark’s video tutorial here) has resulted in a soft but exciting colour palette.

Subsequently I have focussed on the inner region of the nebula which contains the so-called ‘Carnival of Animals’ (see above), which has been cropped and reprocessed individually to show-off the ‘animals’ or Bok globules – named after the Dutch-American astronomer Bart Bok, who in 1947 proposed that these dark nebula indicated clouds of dust undergoing gravitational collapse as part of the process of new star formation, which has since been confirmed. In conclusion I’d therefore say that despite the obstacles, issues and long wait, on the evidence so far the addition of the Chroma filters to my set-up has been very successful – transformative in fact. Now I wonder if they make something that removes the clouds?

	IMAGING DETAILS
Object	NGC 2244 + 2337 + 2238 + 2239 + 2246 AKA the Rosette Nebula
Constellation	Monoceros
Distance	5,200 light-years
Size	65 light-years
Apparent Magnitude	9

Scope	William Optics GT81 + Focal Reducer FL 382mm f4.72
Mount	SW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
Guiding	William Optics 50mm guide scope
	+ Starlight Xpress Lodestar X2 camera & PHD2 guiding
Camera	ZWO1600MM-Cool mono CMOS sensor
	FOV 2.65^o x 2.0^o Resolution 2.05”/pix Max. image size 4,656 x 3,520 pix
EFW	ZWO EFW + Chroma Ha, OIII & SII 3nm filters
Capture & Processing	Astro Photography Tool + PHD2 + Deep Sky Stacker & Photoshop CS3
Image Location & Orientation	Centre RA 06:31:52.688 DEC 04:58:11.11 Top = North
Exposures	12 x 600 sec Ha & SII 11 x 600 sec OIII Total Time: 5hr 50 min
	@ 139 Gain 21 Offset @ -20^oC
Calibration	5 x 600 sec Ha + OIII + SII Darks 20 x 1/4000 sec Bias & 15 x Ha + OIII + SII Flats & Dark Flats @ ADU 25,000
Location & Darkness	Fairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time	26^th 27th 28th February 2021 @ +21.15h
Weather	Approx. <5^oC RH >=65% 🌙 100% Full Moon

Orion In A New Light

February 19, 2021 by grahamrob in Deep Sky Objects, DSLR, Equipment, General Astronomy, Nebula, Universe, Widefield Imaging and tagged Orion Constellation | Leave a comment

In ancient history Orion’s stars were considered to form a pattern that resembled a hunter holding a club above with his right arm and a shield in front with his left. The appearance of Orion each year marks the highlight of the astronomy for many including me but for the second year running months of continuous cloud have precluded any astronomy since October; I note from comments online far-and-wide that this phenomenon has prevailed across much of the northern hemisphere, no doubt resulting in a lot of unhappy astronomers.

Finally the clouds briefly relented over Fairvale Observatory in February but only for a few hours each time, thus eliminating the possibility of imaging with a CMOS mono camera. Faced with these problems I therefore returned to my somewhat neglected modded Canon 550D camera and suitable lenses for appropriate widefield compositions, in order to image some classic targets around the Orion constellation in a broader context. Having first whetted my appetite with the Samyang 135 f2 and its large 9.45^o x 6.30^o FOV to successfully image the iconic area that encompasses Orion’s belt, the Horsehead Nebula and M42 (see Going Big), it was time to go really big in order to capture the entire constellation literally and figuratively in a new light.

Seven bright stars define the area which outlines the torso and upper legs of Orion the Hunter: Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Rigel and Saiph at the top and bottom, connected across the centre by his ‘belt’ formed from Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka. The H-shape thus created by these stars is a familiar sight over the winter months but like so many asterisms of the night sky all is not what it seems. Plotting the distance from Earth of each star it is immediately obvious that their spatial relationship significantly changes the shape of the constellation compared to what as we perceive by eye. It is a sobering thought that with the passage of time those asterisms familiar to astronomers today will look very different in the future as the stars move though space and therefore continue to change their relative positions, look and shape.

Star	Betelgeuse	Bellatrix	Rigel	Saiph	Alnitak	Alnilam	Mintaka
Distance from Earth* (light years)	643	243	772	724	800	1,359	900

*Source: Royal Greenwich Observatory

Click HERE for annotated version of the Orion Constellation in 3D ref. Space Science Telescope Instititue

The Canon ‘Nifty Fifty’ 50mm f1.8 fixed aperture lens is perfect for an ultra widefield image of Orion. Whilst the glass is excellent, focus leaves a lot to be desired and once achieved needs to be secured with tape

Aside from the said visual perspective of Orion, like so much of space we only see a fraction of what is really present in the Universe but can nevertheless often be disclosed by astrophotography. And so I next decided to image the entirety of Orion, this time with a basic Canon 1.8 50mm lens – the so called “nifty fifty”- with the purpose of capturing in one shot the constellation with which we are all familiar, together with vast spectacular HII-regions that encompass much of the constellation but usually remain unseen. This camera-lens combination provides an enormous 25.5^ox 17.0^o field-of-view (x7 > Samyang lens, x83 William Optics GT81!) albeit with lower resolution, which perfectly encompasses most of Orion and therefore the entire arc of Barnard’s Loop on the left and the Angelfish Nebula (Orion’s “head”) located above and between Betelgeuse and Bellatrix.

Above: Orion constellation from Fairvale Observatory 24th December 2014 (Left) compared with long exposure image + modded camera 10th February 2020 (right)

Barnard’s Loop is an emission nebula, forming part of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex which also contains the dark Horsehead and bright Great Orion Nebulae M42. The Loop is believed to have originated from a supernova explosion about 2 million years ago, which is now ionized by stars from within and around the Orion Nebula and takes the form of a large arc centred approximately on the Orion Nebula. Discovered and photographed by E. E. Barnard in 1894, this vast feature extends over some about 600 arcminutes when viewed from Earth or physically up to 300 light years across, depending on the distance from Earth.

The Angelfish Nebula SH2-264 is centred on the young star cluster of Lamda Orionis, of which Meissa is the brightest. An HII-region with an apparent size of 5 degrees and actual size of 150 light years, it is also an emission nebula that is energised by the aforesaid star cluster and is considered to form the so-called head of Orion.

Having previously imaged notable parts throughout Orion, I’ve long wanted to capture the full extent of this wonderful constellation in all its glory and am very pleased with the outcome on this occasion.

DSLR IMAGING DETAILS*
Object	Orion Constellation
Constellation	Orion
Distance	243 to 1,360 light-years
Size	594^o2
Apparent Magnitude	Varies

Lens / Scope	Canon 50mm f1.8
Mount	SW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
Guiding	No Guiding
Camera	Canon 550D modified
	FOV 25.5^o x 17.7^o Resolution 17.72”/ pixel
Capture & Processing	Astro Photography Tool + PHD2 Deep Sky Stacker, PixInsight, Photoshop CS3 & Topaz Denoise AI
Image Location & Orientation	Centre RA 05:37:37.3 DEC +00:48:50.26 Top = North Right = West
Exposures & Aperture	42 x 120 sec @ ISO800 Total: 1hr 24 min F1.8
Calibration	5 x 120’ Darks, 20 x 1/4000 sec Bias 20 x Flats
Location & Darkness	Fairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time	10^th February 2021 @ +21.00h
Weather	Approx. <=0^oC RH <=65% 🌙 NEW MOON

*For higher resolution and plate-solving data go to Astrobin HERE and click on image

Going Big – Widefield Imaging

February 7, 2021 by grahamrob in DSLR, General Astronomy, Nebula, Widefield Imaging and tagged M42 Great Orion Nebula, Orion Constellation | 2 Comments

After considering the limitations created by UK weather, I chose to purchase a Samyang 135 f/2 lens last year, rather than typically moving to a larger aperture / focal length scope. Unfortunately because of the aforesaid poor weather conditions that have since prevailed its use has so far been restricted. However, after literally months at last the clouds briefly relented over Surrey recently and I was able to get a couple of hours imaging the Orion constellation.

I really enjoy the widefield aspect of astrophotography, particularly without resorting to a mosaic which is too often impractical given the lack of favourable imaging conditions in the UK. Such images can produce another perspective of favourite targets previously imaged with a telescope or are just fascinating in their own right. For the moment I’m using the Samyang lens at f2.8 with a modded Canon 550D, manual focus and no guiding but eventually intend to pair it with a mono CMOS camera. This combination results in a whopping 9.45^o x 6.30^ofield-of-view, no-less than 11x that of my standard William Optics GT81 and ZWO1600 set-up. Whilst using the lens at its maximum f/2.0 aperture would be even better, stopping down to f2.8 improves focus quality and removes any possibility of vignetting.

In this instance I chose to frame the image around the area of Orion’s Belt and the Great Orion Nebula M42 but such is the lens’ extensive field-of-view that M78 and part of Barnard’s Loop have also sneaked into the lower left corner. Even though this was something of a ‘quick & dirty’ session resulting in just 112 minutes integration time, looking closer at M42 (see cropped version) the detail and colours achieved with this lens has far exceeded my expectations. As well as the detail of M42 and the Horsehead Nebula, I’m also impressed at how well the lens has dealt with the usually difficult large bright stars of Orion’s Belt & others in the image.

The quality produced with this small lens is quite extraordinary and it is definitely one of my star astronomy purchases. Going forwards the challenge will be to find suitable targets that can fill its very large field-of-view, as well the inevitable wait for clear skies!

DSLR IMAGING DETAILS*
Object	Orion: M42, Horsehead, M78 & Barnard’s Loop
Constellation	Orion
Distance	243 to 1,360 light-years
Size	594^o2
Apparent Magnitude	Varies

Lens / Scope	Samyang 135 f/2
Mount	SW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
Guiding	No Guiding
Camera	Canon 550D modified
	FOV 9.45^o x 6.30^o Resolution 6.45”/pix
Capture & Processing	Astro Photography Tool + PHD2 Deep Sky Stacker, PixInsight, Photoshop CS3 & Topaz Denoise AI
Image Location & Orientation	Centre RA 05:36:48 DEC -03:11:30.4 Right = North Top = West
Exposures & Aperture	56 x 120 sec @ ISO800 Total: 1hr 52 min F2.8
Calibration	5 x 120’ Darks, 20 x 1/4000 sec Bias 20 x Flats
Location & Darkness	Fairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time	3^rd February 2021 @ +22.00h
Weather	Approx. 6^oC RH +85% 🌙 67% waning

*For high resoluton image go to Astrobin HERE and click on image

Reflections 2020

December 29, 2020 by grahamrob in Autoguiding, Broadband, Deep Sky Objects, Equipment, Imaging, Narrowband, Nebula, Processing, Software, Viewing, Widefield Imaging and tagged PixInsight, Starnet++, Topaz Denoise AI | Leave a comment

After starting astronomy in 2014, Watch This Space (Man) was launched shortly thereafter as a personal record of my then nascent astronomy journey. Apart from the main blog about my progress or otherwise, links to other astrophotographers, astronomy tools, astronomy weather, scientific papers etc. can also be found on this website; I was suprised to see that to-date 152 items have been published on this site.

I always like to hear from others – comments, questions, help or just to say hello – and can be contacted via: graham.s.roberts@gmail.com or just leave a comment at the end of any item if you prefer.

Vistor map 2020: In this most difficult of years for everyone, it’s especially heartening to see so much interest from all corner’s of the world and hope to see you and others again in 2021 – Clear Skies!

REFLECTIONS is a review of my astronomy and astrophotography during the past year, together with some thoughts on possible future developments.

2020 Overview, Images & Goals for 2021

For the world 2020 was a year like no other. Notwithstanding the obvious problems and dire consequences of Covid-19 for everyone, there have been surprising benefits for astronomy. Although I am retired, under lockdown there was even more time available for hobbies. Furthermore, as I live close to Gatwick and Heathrow airports + underneath numerous high altitude long-haul overflight paths, a massive reduction in air travel resulted in a very obvious improvement in seeing conditions, which was confirmed by guiding results. Located in a Bortle 5 to 6 area I ordinarily achieve at best average RMS error guiding of 0.90” to 1.50”/pixel, guiding improved markedly during lockdown to between 0.50” to 0.75”/ pixel. Of course such seeing conditions also resulted in better quality imaging itself and on a number of occasions I was able to achieve integration times of 10-hours or much more over a number of nights. The result was better images but less of them and inevitably, a lot more cloud throughout the rest of the year!

Having previously got to grips with plate solving, using the new CdC planning function I intended to develop the use of mosaics this year. However, such is the weather in the UK (see above) that it’s obvious to me that creating mosaics is probably not the best use of what imaging time we get. Undeterred, during January I planned and shot a 15x panel mosaic of Barnard’s Loop in Ha-wavelength. Unfortunately the unpredictable occurrence of patchy cloud invalidated some of the panels, though I was finally able to compile a 7x panel mosaic of the upper easterly section of Barnard’s Loop – see below. Notwithstanding, there were lessons learned: (i) restrict mosaics to one or two panels and / or (ii) where wider view images are required use a wide FOV set-up rather than a large mosaic.

Most of my other objectives for 2020 turned out to be pipedreams e.g. a new observatory or perhaps a larger telescope or dual rig. Despite this there were important developments on other fronts.

After eventually coming to the conclusion that mosaics were probably an unwise way to go considering UK conditions, it became clear that a suitable high-quality camera lens might produce similar coverage with less imaging time and hassle. Thus also inspired by the images of others on the SGL Forum using such equipment, I set out to build a new rig based around the excellent Samyang 135 f2 lens. This project remains work-in-progress but so far using the lens with a bespoke 3D printed rig and micro focuser made by Astrokraken and a modded DSLR, it’s apparent that this lens produces excellent widefield images in a relatively short time.

Initial Samyang 135 f2 set-up with modded DSLR

With the time and ‘opportunity’ afforded by lockdown throughout most of the year, I finally decided to do something about improving my processing, namely learning PixInsight. Unfortunately the rumours were correct – it is a steep learning curve and altogether a less than user friendly software. However, after many weeks of toil and expletives I’m pleased to say I can now process an entire image with PixInsight, the impact of which has been nothing less than profound. However, whilst PixInsight is an excellent processing facility, I’ve come to the conclusion that it is often best used together with other process software where appropriate for specific tasks:

Deep Sky Stacker for calibration, alignment and stacking; the equivalent PixInsight process is just too complicated and time consuming;
Photoshop can be very helpful finessing colours and stretching (Levels & Curves);
Starnet++ is useful for creating starless images, which then help to get the best from processing nebula separately before re-combining with the stars;
Topaz AI Denoise has been very effective and easy to use for noise reduction and sharpening at any point during the workflow.

This combination for processing has turned out to be something of a game changer and almost certainly was the most important astrophotography development of the year for me, which augurs well for 2021 and beyond.

Favourite Images

Continuing with the theme of less is more, I imaged just 13 objects this year – of which three were experimental & three with a DSLR – but still with a total integration time of 80 hours (2019 17 objects & 65 hours, 2018: 25 objects & 43 hours). Having worked through many of the astronomer’s favourites by now, images in 2020 consisted of: a new approach to old favourites, difficult / small objects for my equipment e.g. galaxies or less popular and widefield targets.

I’m pleased to say that most of these images turned out well and it’s difficult to choose a favourite. The so-called ‘favourites’ below therefore represent those images from this year that portray an important development in my astrophotography journey. More detailed reviews of these and all other images from 2020 can be found in specific articles that can be accessed using the links found below or via the Blog Index, located under the dropdown menu ABOUT.

Heart Nebula: Although imaged in 2018, this version has been re-processed using mainly PixInsight, thus transforming the original SHO Hubble Palette image from something rather dull to one with warm, vibrant colours, as well as much great detail – demonstrating the significant impact of my new PixInsight based processing abilities.

LBN 325: Numerous emission nebulae populate this small part of a very extensiveHII-Region, which forms an exciting LRGB image. Processing was complex and difficult, in order to bring out exciting features that abound in this spectacular but less popular area of the Cygnus constellation. Integration time of 10-hours was obtained over three nights and is my first LRGB image processed using PixInsight.

M63 Sunflower Galaxy: At 12.6’ x 7.2’and apparent magnitude of +9.3,this small flocculent galaxy in the Canes Venatici constellation is a challenge for my equipment. However, with 8 hours 20 minutes exposure over three nights in April and careful processing, the all-important detail within the galactic disc is clear. Topaz Denoise AI and Gigapixel software played an important role in maintaining the colour and delicate detail in this +50% cropped image.

Taken from last year’s REFLECTIONS 2019:

“Although you never know, I don’t see any major breakthroughs in the coming year”. Just goes to show what I know, fewer but better images were obtained in 2020:

RECORD CARD 2020

Goal	Specifics / Results	Outcome
Improve image capture	Further Improvements in overall quality + much longer integration times + better guiding accuracy = less but better images.	MUCH BETTER
*Better processing*	Using PixInsight software combined with Photoshop, Starnet++ and Topaz Denoise AI has led to major processing improvements and much better final images.	MUCH MUCH BETTER
Widefield Imaging	Initial results from new imaging rig based around Samyang 135 f2 lens were very promising but there’s more to do.	BETTER

My main objectives for 2020 were largely fulfilled (see above), so what about 2021?

Imaging: Other than maintaining the aforesaid improvements achieved over the past two years – guiding & longer integration times – two items that still need to be addressed are: (i) upgrade filters to remove star bloating and all round better images, (ii) improved focussing.

Widefield: Complete Samyang-rig build and switch from DSLR to CMOS mono camera.

Consolidate processing improvements: Whilst the move to PixInsight and other software was very successful in 2020, I’m still only scratching the surface of what’s possible.

Upgrade mono camera – there’s a new generation of colour CMOS cameras starting to appear, hopefully soon to be followed by their mono equivalents !

Hardly a year I and the rest of the world will want to remember, though more than ever astrophotography played a big role in providing relief from the trauma going on around us all.

The major increase of integration times achieved and the use of PixInsight has proved transformative for my astrophotography and will justify returning to reimage some old favourites in future years. I had often thought about upgrading my OTA to something bigger but given the lack of a permanent observatory here at Fairvale Observatory, combined with long periods of bad / cloudy weather, the penny finally dropped and I now have high hopes for the little wonder that is the Samyang 135 f2 lens when I complete its set-up in 2021.

Looking back I have to be happy with my astrophotography in 2020 but more importantly, look forwards to an even better year which holds great promise building on the positive developments of the past 24-months. Moreover, I hope for the sake of everyone that we will be able to deal with Covid-19 soon and return to something of a normal life once again. These are big ambitions and I hope that WTSM’s Reflections 2021 will record such success.

Watch this space!

ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY INDEX OF 2020

To access each blog, click on the title required below highlighted in RED:

JANUARY & FEBRUARY – Jinxed: Barnard’s Loop Mosaic (+ NGC 1333 reflection nebula & LDN 1622 Bogeyman Nebula)

MARCH – Nice but Dim: Medusa planetary nebula / Abell 21

MARCH & APRIL – Return of the Lion: Leo Triplet M65, M66 & NGC 3628

MAY – Galactic Bloom: M63 Sunflower Galaxy

JUNE – Canine Capers: M51 Whirlpool Galaxy

AUGUST & SEPTEMBER – The Big Picture: First Light Samyang 135 f/2 NAN, Cygnus & Veil Nebula

OCTOBER – Reach For The Sky: LBN 325 emission nebula

NOVEMBER – Swan Adventures: NGC 6914 reflection nebula

DECEMBER – Image Redux: HST re-processing – Pacman, Heart, Rosette, NAN & California Nebula

Image Redux

December 8, 2020 by grahamrob in Broadband, Deep Sky Objects, General Astronomy, Narrowband, Nebula, Processing, Software | 1 Comment

An astrophotography image is clearly the sum of its parts, which can broadly be defined as: Equipment – Image Capture – Processing. Much attention and money is given to the first two items but it’s easy to overlook the importance of processing, I should know I’ve done it for years! With time on my hands this year during Covid-19 & lockdown, I have at last turned my attention to this most critical of items to very good effect. Hitherto I’ve used Deep Sky Stacker (DSS) for calibration & stacking, before moving to Photoshop for all other processing, which has usually produced satisfactory results. However, I’ve often thought more might be obtained from the data by using more powerful software combined with an improvement of my overall skills.

On taking up astrophotography it’s a shock when first looking at the camera’s data, which will usually produce a dark almost featureless image, represented by a very narrow, steep image histogram – a graphical representation of the tone and light collected by the exposures. This is because most of the image of the night sky will of course be dark, with precious few photons arriving from distant objects being photographed contained only within the said narrow histogram – the trick is to tease them out during processing in the so-called digital darkroom, thereby revealing the image within.

In the right hands Photoshop is an excellent tool for post processing but it’s no coincidence that most accomplished astrophotographers are using PixInsight (PI), for good reason: it is dedicated to astrophotography, is very powerful, whilst at the same time being very flexible. Unfortunately the learning curve for PixInsight is steep but from my recent experience very much worth the effort. Metaphorically speaking, I’m in the foothills of using PixInsight but now with sufficient knowledge to process images from start to finish, I have already successfully tackled complex LRGB images LBN 325 and NGC 6194. Subsequently I’ve turned my attention to re-processing old narrowband data, which first time round produced unsatisfactory results using Photoshop; this being as much the user as anything else.

Whilst PixInsight was the principal software for this re-processing, it was used in conjunction with Photoshop to achieve certain affects and other newly acquired dedicated software for specific tasks: Starnet++ to produce starless images and Topaz Denoise AI for noise reduction and sharpening. Using the HST palette in all cases, the workflow (see table at the end) was adapted for each image depending on the characteristics of the object. Before (top) and after (below) images are shown beneath, together with links to the original blogs for more background and imaging information.

NGC 281 Pacman Nebula, August 2019: Whilst the initial HaOO bicolour image looked good I struggled to do the same with the SHO version. However, the transformation after re-processing with PI is, as they say – a whole new ballgame. Vibrant colours have emerged from the previous somewhat gloomy image, together with detailed internal structures. Although somewhat artistic in character, I particularly like the starless version which is shown at the top of the page.

IC 1805 Heart Nebula, August 2018: Like Pacman the original bicolour processing was also successful but SHO much less so. Re-processing has brought out warm colours and details around the inner edge of the heart-shaped nebulosity but it is the striking blue inner region which highlights Melotte-15 at the centre that steals the show. Here fierce stellar forces associated with superhot, young open star clusters, model the adjacent dust clouds into features analogous to those of the Eagle Nebula’s Pillars of Creation.

NGC 2244 Rosette Nebula, February 2018: The Rosette was the most difficult data to re-process and therefore turned out to be the most satisfying. Similar to the Heart Nebula, the rose-like dark nebulous outer region and bright inner edge frames the dramatic, somewhat translucent pale blue inner area. Therein billowing, cloud-like blue nebulosity shows off various internal features, which include an open star cluster at the centre and the so-called Carnival of Animals marching across the lower right quadrant. Altogether new processing has transformed this image into something rather special.

NGC 7000 North America Nebula, August 2017: Although very happy with the original SHO image processed using Photoshop, the revised version is not so much better but different. Use of the SCNR function and subsequent PI and Photoshop colour adjustments have introduced greater detail overall, as well as produced more delicate colours, especially the diaphanous blue nebulosity around the ‘Gulf of Mexico’

NGC 1499 California Nebula, October 2017: In this case re-processing has brought out greater structure throughout the nebula and, to a lesser degree, improved the overall colour. However, the nature of the object, limited integration time and relative lack of what is faint OIII and SII data has probably limited the final impact.

Frankly I found PixInsight a complete pain to understand and use initially, however, with the help of online videos, tutorials and the recently published excellent Mastering PixInsight book, I believe the results more than justify the effort and speak for themselves; overall I’m very pleased with the outcome, which far exceeds my expectations. Notwithstanding, going forwards I can’t see PixInsight being my only processing software (though it could be) but it almost certainly will now become my main choice for post processing, where necessary supplemented by Photoshop and other packages dedicated to specific tasks. It’s a case of using the right tool for the job and the wider combination outlined provides much more flexibility, as well as producing excellent results. All I need now are clear skies!

OUTLINE HST NARROWBAND WORKFLOW*

ACTION	COMMENT
Alignment & Stacking	Deep Sky Stacker
NON-LINEAR PRE-PROCESSING
Dynamic Crop	All stacks
Dynamic Background Extraction (DBE)	Gradient removal
RGB Combination	SHO Hubble palette
Linear Fit
Background Neutralisation
Colour Calibration-1
Deconvolution (sometimes)	Not used here but can be if necessary
Noise Reduction	Use ACDNR or Topaz DeNoise AI
Histogram Transformation	Non-linear stretch
LINEAR PROCESSING
Curves Transformation (CT)	Preliminary to bring out colours but not too strong
Colour Calibration-2
SCNR	Remove Green Hue
Magenta star adjustment	If present + use PixelMath script
*Starnet++*	Separate Nebula & Stars
(a) Curves Transformation & / or (b) Colour Saturation	Colour punch Apply Range Mask to accentuate specific areas
Photoshop – selective colours	Further specific colour adjustment
Re-combine starless & stars images	PixelMath script + experiment with proportions
Final adjustments where necessary	DBE + CT + ACDNR or DeNoise AI + Linear / Curves adjustment

* PixInsight processing unless stated otherwise

Swan Adventures

November 12, 2020 by grahamrob in Broadband, Deep Sky Objects, Nebula, Widefield Imaging and tagged Cygnus | 2 Comments

I first visited the constellation of Cygnus soon after starting astrophotography, inevitably to image the Veil Nebula and North America (NAN) & Pelican Nebula, or parts thereof. As my abilities and equipment improved I’ve often returned to each of these popular targets, in the hope of obtaining a better image each time and I’m sure I will continue in this pursuit. However, such is the draw of these iconic objects that it’s easy to overlook other equally exciting targets within the same constellation.

Last year (2019) my attention was drawn to such a target in the form of DWB 111 or the Propeller Nebula, which I successfully imaged and thereby ignited my interest in the rich, very large HII-region of Cygnus (see above), within which imaging possibilities are almost endless. I therefore recently went back during this September to image two less popular targets located within the aforesaid HII-region; I had already imaged the NAN and Veil Nebula again in early September, on which occasion using my new Samyang 135mm f2 lens set-up to obtain wide-field shots.

After first imaging LBN 325 and other emission nebulae across the adjacent area, I turned my attention to a neighbouring part of the said HII-region of Cygnus, likewise found in the quadrant of Cygnus defined by the stars Deneb – Sadr – Delta Cygni. Similarly this area is full of numerous emission nebulae but furthermore here strikingly intercalated with dark nebula, star clusters and in particular reflection nebulae. Most prominent of these near the centre of the image is NGC 6914, vdB 131 & vdB32 (Main image top-of-the-page), which are conspicuously highlighted by associated bright blue nebulosity. Dotted throughout the rest of the image the use of HaLRGB picks out many other blue and rare yellow refection nebula and stars that all together make for an exciting image (Ha starless image above). Such is the quality and vastness of this part of Cygnus for potential image targets that I feel sure I’ll be coming back to this region for many years to come.

	IMAGING DETAILS
Category / Object	Reflection Nebula NGC 6914
Constellation	Cygnus
Distance	6,000 light-years
Size	2.5^o x 1.90^o
Apparent Magnitude	?

Scope	William Optics GT81 + Focal Reducer FL 382mm f4.72
Mount	SW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
Guiding	William Optics 50mm guide scope
	+ Starlight Xpress Lodestar X2 camera & PHD2 guiding
Camera	ZWO1600MM-Cool mono CMOS sensor
	FOV 2.65^o x 2.0^o Resolution 2.05”/pix Max. image size 4,656 x 3,520 pix
EFW	ZWOx8 + ZWO LRGB & Ha OIII SII 7nm filters
Capture & Processing	Astro Photography Tool + PHD2 + Deep Sky Stacker + PixInsight + Photoshop CS3 + Topaz AI Denoise
Image Location & Orientation	Centre: RA 20h 25’ 23.097” DEC +42^o 22’ 41.092” Top of image = approximately North
Exposures	36 @ 300 sec Ha + 37 x LGB 36 x R @ 180 sec Time: Ha 3hr LRGB 7hr 21min = Total 10hr 21 min
	@ 139 Gain 21 Offset @ -20^oC
Calibration	5 x 300 sec Ha + 10 X 180’ LRGB Darks, 20 x 1/4000 sec Bias 10 x HaLRGB Flats @ ADU 25,000
Location & Darkness	Fairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time	17^th 20^th 21^st September 2020 @ +21.00h
Weather	Approx. 15^oC RH = 45- 70% 🌙 New – 22% waxing