Supernova Sensation

Straddling the boundary of Taurus and Auriga, is the giant supernova remnant (SNR) Simeis-147 AKA SH2-240 or the Spaghetti Nebula.  It is believed that the stellar explosion that created Simeis-147 occurred some 40,000 years ago, leaving behind a rapidly spinning neutron star or pulsar at the core of the now complex, expanding SNR; the nebulous area has an almost spherical shell consisting of numerous filamentary structures.  With an apparent diameter of 3o the SNR spans some 160 light-years, making it a very large astrophotography target.  

I’ve long admired the spectacular SNR Simeis-147 AKA Spaghetti Nebula, which I first imaged with my standard William Optics GT81 scope in January 2022.  The outcome (see image below) was pleasing but with the limited FOV it had to be just a nibble of this large object – something of an appetiser you might say.  Therefore, ever since putting my Samyang rig together last summer I’ve had only one object in mind with this excellent widefield set-up, which had to be the full menu version of Simeis-147!

Apart from its size, Simeis-147 is very faint, making long exposure time essential, which is always difficult in the UK.  However, a rare spell of cold, clear nights this January provided sufficient opportunity over five nights to obtain just over 20-hours integration and a complete image of this truly magnificent SNR.

Notwithstanding the favourable conditions and long-time achieved – a record for me at this location – the faint nature of this object made image processing difficult too.  After experimenting, I eventually adopted a tone mapping technique: pre-processing each individual wavelength stack before removing the stars, stretching and processing each of the starless Ha and OIII images before combining using Pixel Math in the ratio: R – (Ha*1.70) + G – (OIII*0.80)+(Ha*0.20) + B- (OIII*0.80)+(Ha*0.20). 

With further processing of the HOO starless combination I was able to obtain the desired result of marvellous SNR detail, together with pleasing Ha (red) and especially OIII (blue/green) colours, that altogether with the addition of the stars and some final tweaking produced a striking image with good depth.  Moreover, I feel the widefield setting achieved using the Samyang 135 lens produces a striking setting for this fascinating object.

 

 IMAGING DETAILS
ObjectSimeis 147 / SH2-240  AKA Spaghetti Nebula
ConstellationTaurus
Distance3,000 light-years
Size  Approx. 3.0o
Apparent MagnitudeExtremely faint  
  
Scope  / LensSamyang 135 @f2.8  
MountSW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel  
GuidingSky-Watcher EvoGuide 50ED
 + Starlight Xpress Lodestar X2 camera & PHD2 guiding
CameraZWO1600MM-Cool mono  CMOS sensor
 FOV 7.5o x 5.67o Resolution 5.81”/pix  Max. Image Size 4,656 x 3,520 pix   
EFWZWOx8 EFW & 31mm ZWO LRGB & 7nm Narrowband filters  
Capture & ProcessingAstro Photography Tool + PHD2 + PixInsight v1.8.9-1  
Image Location              & OrientationCentre: RA 05:41:15.081      DEC +28:05:32.778                         Right = North   Top = East 
Exposures60 x 600 sec Ha, 62 x 600 sec OIII Total Integration Time: 20 hr 20 min     
 @ 139 Gain   21 Offset @ -15oC    
Calibration5 x 600 sec Darks 20 x Flats & Flat Darks  
Location & DarknessFairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK        Typically Bortle 5 – 6  
Date & Time12th 17th 18th 19th & 21st January 2023 @ +18.30h   
WeatherApprox. <=0oC   RH >=80%                  🌙 70% to 0o New Moon  

        

Diaphanous Delectation

Following my routine summer break from astrophotography, I restarted in early August first using my new Samyang 135 + ZWO ASI1600MM-Cool rig, which immediately demonstrated its ability to produce excellent widefield images of very large objects, in this case the Cygnus Loop.  However, also in late spring I had rejigged my William Optics GT81 telescope with the addition of a new ASI294MM camera, the successor to the ASI1600 which had been redeployed to the aforesaid Samyang rig.  Having constructed, tested and briefly obtained First Light with this new combination, I then had to wait for the return of astronomical darkness and more suitable objects.  Once again, I turned to the Cygnus Loop but this time concentrating on the western and central areas, generally known as the Western Veil and Pickering’s Triangle.

Cygnus Loop Morphology, ID &
Approximate Image Location (Red Box)

Located 1,500 light-years from Earth within the plane of the Milky Way in the constellation of Cygnus, this large supernova remnant (SNR) occurred between 5,000 and 8,000 years ago.  In its entirety the debris cloud has been sculpted by the shock wave from the star’s explosion, to form the Cygnus Loop object that we see today.  The coloured light is created by the excitement of hydrogen (red) and oxygen(blue) gasses of the SNR, which is still expanding at about 100 km (60 miles) per second; image integration times for OIII & Ha wavelengths are in the ratio of 2:1 to enhance the weaker oxygen signal.  More than twice the width of the full moon and spanning 35 light-years, this section of SNR only just fits into my field-of-view but with careful framing it works perfectly.

Western Veil (NGC 6960) Detail
Pickering’s Triangle Detail

The resulting image successfully brings out the exquisite nature of this exciting SNR, in particular highlighting the abundant waveforms that run throughout the entirety of this dynamic object.  Furthermore, the combination of the new ASI294MM camera and 3nm Chroma filters, has produced a vibrant red-blue colour palette that further enhances the said structures.  Altogether this diaphanous delectation convincingly demonstrates the power and beauty of the Universe whilst, moreover, pointing to a new level for my astrophotography.          

Image Location & Orientation
 IMAGING DETAILS
ObjectCygnus Loop Section: Western Veil Nebula (NGC 6960),  
Pickering’s Triangle, NGC 6979 & 6974
ConstellationCygnus
Distance1,500 light-years
Size  ~2.9o total
Apparent Magnitude+7.0  
  
Scope William Optics GT81 + Focal Reducer FL 382mm  f4.72
MountSW AZ-EQ6 GT + EQASCOM computer control & Cartes du Ciel
GuidingWilliam Optics 50mm guide scope
 + Starlight Xpress Lodestar X2 camera & PHD2 guiding
CameraZWO ASI294MM  CMOS sensor
 FOV 2.87o x 1.96o Resolution 2.50”/pix 
Max. image size 4,144 x 2,822 pix   
EFWZWOx8 EFW & 31mm Chroma LRGB filters 
Capture & ProcessingAstro Photography Tool + PHD2 + Deep Sky Stacker,
PixInsight v1.8.8-12, Photoshop CC v23.5.0
Image Location &      OrientationCentre = RA 20:48:47.0      DEC +31:00:54.7                         Left = North     
ExposuresHa 41 x 300 sec (3hr 25m), OIII 82 x 300 sec (6hr 50m) Total Integration Time: 10hr 15 min     
 @ 120 Gain   30 Offset @ -15oC    
Calibration5 x 300 sec Darks  15 x  LRGB Flats & Dark Flats         @ ADU 32,000
Location & DarknessFairvale Observatory – Redhill – Surrey – UK        Typically Bortle 5-6
Date & Time27th + 29th + 30th + 31st August 2022  @ +21.00h  
WeatherApprox. <18oC   RH >=65%                  🌙 0% New